DIY Buck/Boost Converter (Flyback) || How to step up/down DC voltage efficiently

Подписаться 2 млн

Просмотров 715 тыс.

50% 1

Project file on the free design tool: easyeda.com/Gr...
Previous video: • Fix It!: Ceiling Lamp ...
Buck Converter video: • DIY Buck Converter || ...
Boost Converter video: • DIY Boost Converter ||...
ATtiny Programming Shield: • Electronic Basics #3: ...
Facebook: / greatscottlab
Twitter: / greatscottlab
Support me for more videos: www.patreon.co...
Project information (schematic, code, ....) on Instructables:
www.instructabl...
Thanks to EasyEDA for sponsoring this video.
Check out their free circuit design tool here: easyeda.com
Parts list (Amazon.de on Instructables, affiliate links):
Aliexpress:
1x ATtiny85: s.click.aliexp...
1x MCP602: s.click.aliexp...
1x 7805 5V regulator: s.click.aliexp...
1x IRLZ44N: s.click.aliexp...
1x 100kΩ Potentiometer: s.click.aliexp...
1x 0.03mH Inductor: s.click.aliexp...
1x 1N5819 Schottky Diode: s.click.aliexp...
2x Screw Terminals: s.click.aliexp...
2x 100nF Capacitor: s.click.aliexp...
1x 100µF, 1x 220µF Capacitor: s.click.aliexp...
2x 10kΩ, 2x 5.1kΩ, 2x 20kΩ, 1x10Ω Resistor: s.click.aliexp...
Ebay:
1x ATtiny85: rover.ebay.com/...
1x MCP602: rover.ebay.com/...
1x 7805 5V regulator: rover.ebay.com/...
1x IRLZ44N: rover.ebay.com/...
1x 100kΩ Potentiometer: rover.ebay.com/...
1x 0.03mH Inductor: rover.ebay.com/...
1x 1N5819 Schottky Diode: rover.ebay.com/...
2x Screw Terminals: rover.ebay.com/...
2x 100nF Capacitor: rover.ebay.com/...
1x 100µF, 1x 220µF Capacitor: rover.ebay.com/...
2x 10kΩ, 2x 5.1kΩ, 2x 20kΩ, 1x10Ω Resistor: rover.ebay.com/...
In this project video I will show you how a buck/boost converter (flyback) works and how you can easily build one that can step up and step down DC voltage efficiently.
Music:
2011 Lookalike by Bartlebeats
Killing Time, Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)

Опубликовано:

17 окт 2024

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист

Посмотреть позже

Комментарии : 698

@boblablablaw6677 8 лет назад

Best one yet. Brilliant video. It really helps the visual learners when you laid out the components on the diagram. My son finally got it! This really put all the pieces together in a great package. It is a wee bit fast, but honestly no issue since you can pause and play as needed. Well done!

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@zen29d 6 лет назад

Since I'm already pursuing EE, your videos and its depth of knowledge are always ready to put me in action. Thanks for your existence.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@purplespower9730 11 месяцев назад

Your videos changed my life! I wouldn't be where I am at this point if it weren't for these amazing tutorials.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@devwatts 8 лет назад

I am 100% Sure That Great Scott Will Go really really Far. Best wishes man. :))

@luongmaihunggia 6 лет назад

He is near one million subscribers now.

@JasonBaldwin301 5 лет назад

He's at 1 million now.

@leplayz4499 5 лет назад

@leafonabreeze 1.19

@youssefdirani 4 года назад

1.25

@user-co7do9nz9s 3 года назад

@@joa4935 1.47

@p1nesap 8 лет назад

You seem to have your passion, friend. And you're damn good at it.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@Spacejorma 8 лет назад

Im not building anything, no fking clue what hes talking about...still love to watch these videos. :D

@fidelcatsro6948 3 года назад

hes talking about buck rogers and the temple of doom

@anandmohan6412 5 лет назад

I can say that the rather low efficiency of ur circuit is due to the 7805 linear regulator used to power the attiny with 5 volts. You could use a smaller Buck converter module for that but that'll totally destroy the diy aspect. Great work as allways

@tunckuyel 4 года назад

I am sooo beginner for your projects most of the time. I wish i fully understand. But when i am not that a beginner you are like an enclopedia for me :)) thanks again man

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@uvlight 8 лет назад

Great video as always. I like how your videos are structured, it explain things at the beginning, then do the practical stuff. As usual, your video give me better understanding on electronics.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@Rizon1985 8 лет назад

We appreciate the work you put into preparing and drawing those schematics while explaining it. Never doubt that.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@Andrea_Selena 8 лет назад

Deine Videos sind simple und gut zu schauen. Und dein Vorgehen ist super, erst Grundlagen, dann Bau ist genial. Nutzung der Englischen Sprache hilft auch ne Menge.

@babungaCTR 8 лет назад

The main problem with switching power supply is the noise ( the impulsive ripple which can reach very high values ) do you think you can make a video about that, maybe analyzing the best low pass filter yo make it more " linear "? :D

@kvlpnd 8 лет назад

it would be interesting to see output on harmonic analyzer

@konradmannen 8 лет назад

An approach to solve this is to set the output voltage 2-3 V higher than what you want, and the use a linear regulator/LDO in series. They have very little noise. So the linear regulator would be a post-regulator, and the buck/boost would be a pre-regulator.

@Kalvinjj 4 года назад

@@thephlophers That would be with a regulating LDO like the LM317, keep the same deal of a little above wanted voltage and drop the rest with the LDO, now, how to control both at once is another story...

@MohsinAli-ov5ow 4 года назад

Day by day he is progressing and his english akcent is much much improved ..............

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@hurtadoa1 8 лет назад

I have to say, everytime I see you explaining and creating diagrams of circuitry, it sparks my interest in learning more about it and being able to reach that knowledge you have as well (someday) Any recommendations of things to learn to be able to be on the right track?

@AllanUchoa 8 лет назад

it is incredible the way you clearly make things easy

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@ricolauersdorf687 Год назад

The designs problem is, that the output has always the mosfet/inductor switching voltage as an offset to the input. that can lead to serious emc/radiation problems. by switching the diode and the cap, you solve the problem, ending with a standard boost topology which has the input+ voltage as gnd- for the output voltage. just the absolute opposite to the flyback. the main differences between all 4 possible combinations are if the input can be capacitor referenced to the output, if we need high side switching and if we need galvanic isolated dc voltage level to power on an additional "output on/off" mosfet. there is not the best design (otherwise the others were not in use). Thanks for your guides and tips :)

@AhmedAli-sn3ty 7 лет назад

Scott can you make more projects in one week . I will be very thankful to you if you do. your projects are worth apprectation. It is very learning for students.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@00xero 8 лет назад

Awesome man, love your videos! I can't really keep up with them all the time, so I have to pause and research every so often, but that is way, way better than having a 30 minute video that goes into every excruciating detail.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@vlcekmlcek3393 8 лет назад

Very nice video. Now I know, how are the China boost converters exactly working. Thanks for it!

@HoffmanEngineering 8 лет назад

Great video! I love these videos because they pack so much information into a relatively short video. Keep up the great work!

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@jimadams2473 7 лет назад

Another fantastic video. I am going to try all three projects; Buck, Boost and the Buck/Boost. Very nice instructions.. Thanks

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@planedo79 6 лет назад

This dude is Einstein the second :) keep up the good work!

@escapadechannel8379 7 лет назад

Your truly great , left when the channel had 100 k subs , Great man now your have Half a mil . Keep up the great job scott .

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@agrxdrowflow958 8 лет назад

I had no idea such a thing existed. Thank you!

@Dryadwoods 7 лет назад

Just found your channel today and subscribed, I will need to see all your old movies now :) Thanks for sharing them with us.... Note: not all of us have an +11K euro oscilloscope, 500 Euro multimeter, etc.... I assume this is not only an hobby for you.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@yelenaantipova3964 8 лет назад

I don't know what you are doing, but it looks fun

@carlosagorreta5276 6 лет назад

This is an excellent project for an engineering student.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@mrjohhhnnnyyy5797 8 лет назад

FYI, the module you've shown is most likely a SEPIC, not a buck-boost. Buck-boost uses just one choke. Correct me if I'm wrong.

@After_Tech_Industries Год назад

Could an inverting buck-boost be used as a "constant wattage" dc supply?

@kevindelima4829 8 лет назад

I have no idea But I really enjoy you soldering.great vid

@habtamusium8646 Год назад

interesting working principle of boosters circuitry. many thanks !

@zaneyoumans2923 8 лет назад

You deserve more subscribers. Superb quality videos that are very informative and easy to understand.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@Fosforitofercho 8 лет назад

This is that i search for weeks, and is best, i want to convert an ATX power supply in lab source and intelligent charger, with this I feel that i can reach my purpose

@Ben-cb7uq 7 лет назад

Finally somebody explained what voltage feedback means! Keppp up the good work!

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@giro2504 5 лет назад

Would it be possible to use the Buck/Boost Converter for a solar cell to actually create a regulated constant output voltage? I'm asking since I'm actually interested in loading LiPo cells over a solar cell with a non MPPT BatteryCharger IC I have laying around. I know that you already showed a possible way to charge a LiPo cell with a CNXXXX-IC but I actually want to use the Buck/Boost Converter for other projects too and since it has a probrammable ATtiny85 it would be also usefull to implement other functions too.

@ivanperezs 5 лет назад

Yes, you could even do your own MPPT

@alashiya9536 8 лет назад

Hi Great Scott, can you make a video about a UPS design for providing battery backup for DC devices such as routers, switches, access points etc? Kind of like a battery charger circuit combined with a SMPS

@lukalopin 5 лет назад

Great video man! Thanks for sharing practical knowledge. The position of the switch must be on the low side for practical reasons. With high side switch, there will be negative voltage on the source when diode is conducting and you can not use bootstrap method to drive the MOSFET than. You saved me time, thanks again.

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@prabhadevi7762 6 лет назад

Nice video thank you sir , is necessary to use microcontroller

@marcossoto1616 4 года назад

Thanks for your contribution to the development of knowledge, I have learned a lot about this type of switched sources. Tip: You may be able to extend your tutorials to design half brigde or push pull converter topologies. Thank you!!

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@abhi0495 8 лет назад

I was expecting this video to release finally it has come

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@Krasnoye158 7 лет назад

Well, I think the low efficiency is because the capacitor always discharges through R4 and R3 in off time, and although the value of R3 and R4 are high, the capacitance of C4 is very low, so a considerable loss per cycle contributes in an overall reduction in efficiency.

@nguyenback7694 Год назад

can you explain more about this, why the capacitor can discharge for r3 r4 during close cycle. thank u

@vidanatural_oficial 8 лет назад

nice project again... a opamp in the output it is nice to control voltage by reference.. but what about current? can we have good current in the output from it?

@janmezulianik8508 6 лет назад

Could you please make a video about how to build your own cc/cv power source? I mean building it from scratch. Thank you a lot. Btw. Your videos are so good and helpful. You brought me into electronics.

@wilddog1979 8 лет назад

Great video and explanation. Thank you, I really appreciate it. I wonder in the same time if ATTINY85 could be replaced with something else and increase the efficiency through that solution?

@MobiusHorizons 8 лет назад

Very interesting video, I had no idea you could create a buck/boost with only one inductor.

@hardrocklobsterroll395 8 лет назад

easy eda

@danielbraphtgoint3165 2 года назад

thank you very much. please keep making these videos. they are very appreciated!

@hazahazem1415 Год назад

What can we use as an alternative Mcp602 ?

@chandanpiku 5 лет назад

Great video just like Great Scott.....but is it possible to achieve the same results without any microcontroller?

@qzorn4440 4 года назад

Gee.. i am still learning LTspice and setting up various circuits for some practical experience? Soo... greatscott... this seems like a good one to simulate... thanks...:)

@control226 8 лет назад

No soy muy bueno con el inglés, pero es emocionante ver tus vídeos. Saludos!

@anwin85alon 3 месяца назад

pm me can you to install do solar panel of charger,

@arnejosephusmorales1165 7 лет назад

Hello Great Scott! Im just wondering about MCP602. Can I use an alternative for that like LM358 instead of that. Stores here dont have any of it. Or could you suggest aside from LM358? It would be a great help ;) thanks :D

@MrBrymstond 5 лет назад

There's a serious question nobody ever seem to answer. Say you have a class A/B audio amp and you only run it at half the level for the best audio possible and you need a certain voltage, how do we get rid of all of that noise and ripple? Do you use a resister between the pos and neg? If so how do we figure out what value?

@mdhz786 7 лет назад

Great Scott! Please answer this. Can i use arduino uno directly instead of ATtiny85. If so, do I need to change the program? Please guide me to do it. Thank you.

@CyberSpace100011 2 года назад

Another great video... Question: You calculated the efficiency of your own buck/boost converter at 80% on the boost or buck side... is that about the same as a standard commercial buck/boost? If not.. .how do commercial manufacturers accomplish higher efficiency? ... and thanks for the insights.

@alanlaiju3084 7 лет назад

Great Scott! You just earned yourself a new subscriber. Your videos are so informative.

@DidiCechet 5 лет назад

Hi. Very nice video, GreatScott! As always. I have a doubt, though: i may be wrong, but isn't "flyback" the name given to the "transformer" in a buck-boost converter topology? As long as i know, you implemented a buck-boost converter only. The flyback converter should have a transformer between circuits, shouldn't it?

@fristpain9895 7 лет назад

Scott you are the best .

@Elka_mp 5 лет назад

Great tutorial. How to calculate the inductor value needed?

@MaidenLoaf 4 года назад

Not an expert personally, but I'd gather from the formula: V = L * di/dt that for higher frequencies where di/dt is going to be much higher, a relatively lower inductance value is necessary (e.g. for radio frequency chokes). Regarding anything else, all of my electrical engineering friends tend to just guess an appropriate value when they're prototyping and work it out further from there, it seems. At least, I couldn't get a straight answer from them.

@davidprice2861 7 лет назад

Gee, that is quite innovative. very clever, and the video fast yet very informative. Thanks, I enjoyed it...

@nielsdaemen 4 года назад

4:58 You don't even need an OP-AMP! Just create a voltage devider between the +5v rail and the output, read the voltage and scale it in software😎 Works just as well and saves time, money, space and power!

@baoxuezhang3300 4 года назад

The output is inverted

@nielsdaemen 4 года назад

@@baoxuezhang3300 Yes, but if you make the devider so that even at the max negative output it does not go below 0v on the analog input it works fine!

@baoxuezhang3300 4 года назад

@@nielsdaemenhow though? The “voltage divider” you are describing is capable of inverting voltages, and that is no different to an op-amp

@baoxuezhang3300 4 года назад

@@nielsdaemen acutually, I checked, and yes, you could in theory use a voltage divider for suck a task, the problem is that the voltage divider would load the output, thus decreasing output stability.

@chrisn.6760 8 лет назад

echt schade, dass die Videos nicht auf deutsch sind, trotzdem einen Daumen nach oben

@leozendo3500 8 лет назад

wow！love it! I will be building one this week. Questions: 1 what is the frequency? Increasing frequency might be helpful to efficiency and you can do it with Arduino. 2 why not use a resistor valtage devider for feedback？ 3 will you please uplode the code for multi chanal version on instructbles? Thankyou.

@mauriceb 8 лет назад

2: I think because its inverted, so it is -5V and not 5V. This damages the ADC

@leozendo3500 8 лет назад

You are right, thankyou

@mauriceb 8 лет назад

You're welcome :)

@leozendo3500 8 лет назад

I believe you can use a capacitor for feedback. Not the best, but will work with a little bit of conpensation while coding.

@supersayianz 6 лет назад

So.. what is the frequency value he is producing?

@1Robbie75 8 лет назад

what can I say more? GREAT SCOTT!

@samuniv987 8 лет назад

Great video as always but cant it be dont without a arduino???

@christopherweston6028 7 лет назад

Love the videos. I have a question I think you could answer quickly for me. In terms of efficiency and energy waste, Charging with wind or solar )low voltage(, would it be reasonable to charge the cap bank closer to 75% of it's max only to bump back down to a lower voltage on the load? would this extend the time or just waste energy in the conversion?

@profesorjan7614 8 лет назад

good video!, but, why wouldnt you use a Voltage regulator to keep 12 stable volts instead of the buck/boost converter?

@greatscottlab 8 лет назад

A linear voltage regulator has a dropout voltage. So it could work with voltages of (for example) 12.6V and above. A linear regulator can also not step up voltage and they are not efficient.

@patricktlo 8 лет назад

its less efficient and the linear voltage regulator can't regulate unless the voltage supplied to it is a few volts greater than the desired voltage

@profesorjan7614 8 лет назад

Thanks!

@petermuller5031 8 лет назад

So the efficiency would be better if you use the Non-Inverting Version since you use two curcuits with an efficiency of 95/90 %?

@TheNone724 3 года назад

Do I need flyback functionality if I want to use this as battery charger? If I had it wouldn't it just increase amperage until something breaks. Also if I want higher power does it mean that I need to spec every component to that voltage and amperage I would be using.

@StevePietras 8 лет назад

OK, this might be a dumb question but why not use an LM-317T ? wouldn't the feedback keep the output swings in check?

@sergiomonzon8539 4 года назад

Hola saludos desde Guatemala muy buen canal!!!

@unamename1075 8 лет назад

Excellent video. I have one problem boosting the voltage. Without load it reaches high voltage higher than input but when i connect a load it doesn't boost the voltage. I didn't use feedback because it was for experiment. Is that the problem

@akshitsharma2737 5 лет назад

WELL! i watches this video, understood the basic concept,nothing else

@yetanother_guy8438 8 лет назад

Great video, I was wondering if the commercial buck-boost board you show at the beginning has a different type of circuit than you make? I noticed that it has two inductors on it unlike your design.

@НиколайЕгоров-в2б 6 лет назад

Please make video about buck/boost converter with output voltage and current adjustment. How to adjust the output current and support constant output voltage simultaneously?

@jimbobillybob1959 7 лет назад

Awesome engineering & teaching as usual!!

@kvlpnd 8 лет назад

+GreatScott! Some questions: 1. How did you measure the inductance of a coil? (equipment) 2. Can there be an IC which uses MOD function? i.e. which gives value of the voltage irrespective of polarity 3. Can there be an IC which inverses the voltage value? i.e. +5.5 V to -5.5 V 4. What is the maximum current rating of the circuit you built? Btw, I am a student of Elec. Engg and a huge fan of your video channel.

@robertclark8351 8 лет назад

A full-wave rectifier, or an operational amplifier setup the right way, IIRC.

@kvlpnd 8 лет назад

I did not understand. Elaborate please.

@metricmine 8 лет назад

1. Got mine off eBay. Search for lc200a. Cheap and measures a very wide range of inductance. For 3, you can use a boost converter to boost the 5.5 V to 11V. Connect your target circuit with its ground to the power's 5.5V, the target circuit's +5.5V connected to the power's 11V and the target's -5.5V connected to the power's ground.

@kvlpnd 8 лет назад

Thanks for info.,

@vigitronicsvighneshganage7952 8 лет назад

Keval Pandya he uses a transistor tester to measure inductance of a coil. Btw all the best for ur engineering

@facundopacini1591 5 лет назад

Great job! I got a question. Where should i connect the Load in the N-Mosfet circuit? Is there a way to turn-off the circuit if i drive it with a micro?

@willyhoogs 8 лет назад

Still watching! Great vids!

@kyoudaiken 8 лет назад

Do you plan to show us an approach of an efficient balanced LiIon charger?

@fuba44 8 лет назад

Great video! What would you do to increase the efficiency?

@fuba44 8 лет назад

so using the "directIO" library for the arduino should help out with the switching frequency.

@PBatADA 4 года назад

I have a general question, Can a dc-dc step up module be used to maintain a solar panels output at 12v 2.5amps, when panels out drops significantly? My solar panel is 12v 50watts one and I see the output fluctuates when I connect a 19v,3amp laptop charger(around 60watts), I wonder if one of these step up modules can help

@yannickcoret9184 7 лет назад

Nice video! Instead of the cmos op-amp a regular one like the 741 could be use?

@xanderhover2645 8 лет назад

Nice video! Why didn't you try a building a SEPIC step up/down converter?

@sss-tw3jh 8 лет назад

At the end of the video you mentioned that the Buck/Boost converter has an efficiency of 80% in both Buck and boost mode. Is the extra energy released as heat, and is it something that would require a heatsink for long use times?

@JOELwindows7 8 лет назад

Wonder if this was asked already, but, simple. How much times researching average count of your project?

@marcodd3108 7 лет назад

Hi scott is it true that the circuit could be very dangerous if no load is connected and a high duty cycle switch the mosfet becourse the voltage could get very high ?

@FabiusKadett 5 лет назад

Hi there, if I want to build one with a rated current output of 10A, the coil, mosfet and schottky need to be able to withstand it or do I need to reinforce more components? Thanks

@forcovers438 4 года назад

could we use LM358 or any other op-amp for the same purpose because MCP602 Isn't available in my region, if yes then what modifications do i need? please reply ASAP....! because i've been stuck at making my own one for a lab bench power supply!

@fidelcatsro6948 3 года назад

thats it im making one that 300percent efficient!! free energy for all!!

@RaihanSergi 4 года назад

Dude's great effort then this video making my day with my project. Good Luck Scott! and thanks!

@akshar108 8 лет назад

Hi I am big fan of ur and ur videos, I am software engineer bt don't know basic things of electronics. I want to start learning this. Can you suggest any book from where I can start

@greatscottlab 8 лет назад

"The arts of electronics"

@akshar108 8 лет назад

Thanks this will be a great help

@Anonymous-qx5uk 8 лет назад

Can you please make a video of what software do you use and how to connect software with hardware? :)

@johnlucero7294 8 лет назад

I hope you can help me. I have 7 3500 mAh 26650s in series. This makes a nominal 24 v battery at 3500 mAh. Now I put 2 cells of 24 v in parallel, this makes 7Ah battery. If I add a buck converter and drop the voltage to 12 volts does the wattage stay at 168 or does the buck cause the wattage to drop down to 87 watts.

@romaindemaison3127 6 лет назад

Hi, where did you find your lm2586s module boost Buck converter? Cause i only find step up converter with the lm2586. It is hard to find good applications with sepic circuits or Buck boost converter... Thanks

@chickennugget2248 8 лет назад

great Scott thank you.it will help a lot. but can you use 555 timer instead of 85. 85 is difficult and not available in neer store. Try making one with 555 okay please.😊

@twitchingdan 8 лет назад

It won't work most likely as the 555 isn't that stable.

@kamranshaikh7744 7 лет назад

Greatscott can we use NE555 timer IC for PWM output instead of ATtiny85? And how feedback will be given in case of 555 timer as PWM output

@Mahejma 8 лет назад

maybe a big project but can you make a video how to make a power monitor with web-interface/smtp/other. So you can see the voltage and watt usage on a electric product or the power usage in the apartment?

@tomavent2283 Год назад

Not sure if you have a later video on this, but how would you design something like this to be able to take a veritable input voltage? Particularly over large ranges like 8-25 volts?

@camilomason4560 6 лет назад

GreatScott Can you show us how to create a buck/boost converter by using one of the Simple Switcher ICs?

@borisdorofeev5602 6 лет назад

But the electrons are really flowing from the negative to the positive side of the capacitor. Not from positive to positive. I really don't like "conventional current" it makes everything more difficult. I wish everyone could just agree that electrons and current flow from negative to positive.

@JasonBaldwin301 5 лет назад

We can blame Ben Franklin.