In this video, I explain the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, and from RNA to protein, but never in reverse-from protein back to RNA or DNA. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) contains hereditary genetic information, which can be transcribed into RNA (Ribonucleic acid). This RNA may either function as non-coding RNA or be translated into a protein, which ultimately influences an organism's physical traits.
Time stamps:
- DNA carries genetic hereditary information: 0:16
- Diagram of 2 spiral DNA strands: 2:22
- Gene is a unit of heredity that corresponds to a region of DNA: 2:37
- Diagram of a typical prokaryotic cell: 3:46
- Genotype is complete assemblage of genes. Phenotype is the outward expression of genes: 4:50
- Gene expression is process by which a gene is used to produced a functional end product (protein or non-coding RNA): 5:40
- Central dogma of molecular biology: DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein: 7:15
- 98% of human DNA is non-coding, which don't serve as patterns for protein sequences: 9:53
- C-value enigma: Genome size and amount of non-coding DNA do not correlate to organism complexity: 12:02
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) are created using DNA strands as a template in transcription: 14:39
- mRNA specify sequence of amino acids in proteins during translation: 14:58
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an adaptor RNA molecule that links mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins: 16:08
- Recent research shows gene expression involving multiple different proteins being translated from a single RNA transcript: 18:36
- All steps of gene expression can be regulated: 21:46
- RNA splicing involves removing introns (non-coding regions of RNA) to join together exons (coding regions) of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) into mature messenger RNA (mRNA): 22:09
- Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) form a spliceosome to splice pre-mRNA: 26:41
- Post-transcriptional modification processes an RNA primary transcript into a mature, functional RNA molecule: 27:43
- Ribozymes catalyze RNA splicing, similar to the action of protein enzymes: 29:00
- Post-translational modification (PTM) is the modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis from RNA: 29:50
- Regulation of gene expression controls timing, location, and amount of protein or ncRNA: 32:44
- Extended central dogma of molecular biology: 33:03
- Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process called reverse transcription: 35:31
- Positive sense corresponds to DNA or RNA strand that corresponds directly to synthesizing protein, negative if it can't synthesize protein: 35:51
- Sometimes coding strand and template strand terms are used, but the coding / sense strand need not always contain code for a protein since ncRNA may be transcribed: 39:38
- Diagram of coding and template strands during transcription: 42:44
- Negative sense RNA is sometimes called antisense RNA: 45:45
Full video below:
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15 сен 2024
