Genetic insights into Neanderthal society 

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As a 4 am stoner, thanks for the bedtime story Dad.

As both a stoner and an archeology nerd I thank you doubly for all you do!

When this guest says "I'm glad you asked", I've never heard anyone say it and mean it so much 😂 Dude was soooo happy you asked ☺ I love hearing people that get to work in a field they are passionate about.

I live all my life in the Iberian Peninsula, and since i am a child i always got fascinated by neanderthal man. My father would bring me to a rock cliff sharp into the high sea to go swim and spear fish in a cave that would flood in the high tide, i remember crying before entering due to the noise of the waves and the dark cave, once inside, my old man sit me down and showed to me a place with a old fire and the deepest part of the cave is shutdown with metal bars, its written there that neanderthal man lived there, so as a child i thought they was the most brave humans ever "how could someone live in a cave and not be scared with the sea and water flooding"..... Only afther as a adult and thanks to awesome peopl like you mister Millo that i understand the geo changes and etc... Never stop... Many thanks...

“No daughter of mine is going to marry a Denisovian.” “But I love him dad. Ugh, you truly are a Neanderthal…” Jokes aside, I hope someday we can collect enough data to better understand these relationships because this is absolutely fascinating.

It is so cool to think about the interplay and lives of these women who are related but lived in these caves that are 75km away from each other. You rock, Stefan!

I was unsure what to do in school, i took a bio anthro class, became super interested and saw this channel…snowball effect happened and now im majoring in anthropology

Not a stoner but i do love these videos when I’m chilling out at night and it is 3:45 am for me right now. Love your work, art, and curiosity, Stefan!

I really love that you include original artwork. Shows the amount of care and collaboration that goes into this channel.

I'm high, it's 2.21am but I certainly didn't stumble here by chance. You are the man, thanks for another great video.

Your videos are great to watch at any time or day! At age 63, I can't believe how much we have learned about ancient humans since I was first getting into science in grade school. It is the same with astronomy. Yes, I was one of those nerdy kids who loved science, then Jazz and reading Science Fiction. Your channel keeps me up to date with recent archaeological discoveries. I also watch a Dutch woman's channel. Anton Petrov has a great science channel as well.

Stefan, do you remember the match we had at Wimbledon? That was a banger for sure. Your match point ace was unreal. If only I could have returned that serve, that ball boy would still have his right hand. Don’t blame yourself, he never should have tried to catch it on the bounce. It’s not your fault. Paying for his medical bills with your winnings was a super classy move though. ‘97 was one hell of a year!

Amazing that so many Neanderthal individuals from the same cave have been found. And this is after excavating only 1/3 of the cave. The relationships between the individuals and how they relate to other populations are just fascinating and invaluable!

Always enjoy your content! I really enjoy coverage of contemporary research and interviews of the actual researchers too!

Very much enjoy your skill to contextualise things further for us beyond the scientific articles findings and your interviews. Thanks for the storytelling.

Great to see what a talented interviewer you’ve become, Stefan. Thanks for helping bring us all this knowledge.

i really just love this channel it is such good quality and you're such a great host! i love the way the video progresses to make us ask questions the same way you did. What a great interview too - such a great video Stefan!

100 degrees here in Oregon. I wet myself down and am in the hammock in the shade ready to listen to this!

I like your aesthetic sense as well as your depth of coverage, stef. So, thanks for doing that for me specifically.

Great work Stefan. It is nice to have someone who knows something to start with put this new information together, contextualize it, and ask good questions of the author of this new paper. OK, go ahead and wake me up at 4:00 AM when you get something else like this.

Jokes on you Stefan! It’s not 4am but I am stoned to the bone, and a huge archeology nerd! It’s like you knew I just put down the bong!

"Being eaten by hyenas is a certifiable bummer" - Stefan Milo. Legendary .

Thanks Stefan. Stoners like me have been watching you for years taking us deep into this story of our own past, keeping the imagination wandering on these different times... And the chance of it all leading up to the current time and our existence is just mind boggling.

Stefan, I just have to say - I love your videos! You explain things so we’ll and keep it light but very informative and interesting! Thank you!

The editing here was top notch! Really enjoyed this video. Thanks Mr. Milo and Dr. Skov!

Heck yeah! I can’t wait to watch this tonight!!! I always get excited when a new Stefan Milo video drops!! ❤

That was a real breakthrough find and study. Thank you to bring it out in this funny yet professional manner.

Stefan, I found that video absolutely fascinating. I cant tell you how much I enjoyed it. Thank you.

thank you for your hard work to bring such facinating information forward.

I've been waiting for this! You're so good at these kinds of videos, Stefan! Sitting back to soak it all in, now. On an unrelated (but very important) note, please, please take time to tell your loved ones you love them EVERY chance you get. Tomorrow is not a given; you're never promised the next sunrise. ~ ~ ~ ~ "And don't let it break your heart. I know it feels hopeless sometimes. But they're never really gone as long as there's a memory in your mind." _Hold On To Memories_ Dave Draiman, Disturbed 💔💔 07 Jan 1984 - 02 Aug 2023 Rest in Peace, Matthew. Momma will miss you every day of my life! 😢

Such a fascinating content, such a first-rate presentation. Thanks again, Stefan! The quality of your channel is outstanding.

im a 24/7 stoner..but im also huge into history and pre history and your videos are awesome! very updated sources and good editing and always something new! congrats dude! 🎉

This is a great, information-packed episode. So much to learn. Many thanks, Stefan.

My favourite Natural history Channel strikes again! Great work Stefan.

Thank you! It's always amazing to see that the more me find out, the more find out how little we know. Every new piece of research just adds to the complexity of the puzzle.

Every answer poses more questions. Not frustrating...much, but the best kind of science discovery quest. I'm with you on this Stephan. It's more fascinating, and motivating, that anything else, really. Great video!

Awesome video! Thanks amigo!

Amazing work! Found your youtube recently and binged the hell out of it. The comment about how a family tree really humanizes their lives, and the reason why hyena dna would be entangled were so great!

Right when I am in the middle of reading Angela Saini's new book! I am wowed by your relevance always, seeing how you talk about ancient stuff. Way to go! Keep following your passions, we are here for it. Hooray for a busy wife, but busy kids? I am imagining toddlers innlittle power outfits with briefcases babbling on bluetooth earpieces

I appreciate that you use stock footage that is as accurate as possible, and that you tell us when it’s different. Some channels don’t bother with that which can be annoying and potentially deceptive.

Thank you for helping us stay on top of what’s happening in academia on this topic. Love your videos.

There is also the seldom studied X-chromosome lineage (non-recombinable segment). From memory now (if someone is interested, I can document further) there seems to be one such X-DNA lineage from Neanderthals and (IMO) it is the same that was previously found to be most divergent from the others and found most concentrated in some specific populations such as Basques, Gujaratis or Native Americans. It was labeled B006. X-DNA lineages can come from either side, let's not assume it is matrilineal just because women have two X chromosomes and men inherit our X-chr from our mums (but the non-recombinable segment can be from her mum or her dad). In fact, in a study in coastal Colombia, X-DNA documented the repeated arrival of waves of European male settlers, unlike mtDNA, which was fundamentally aboriginal and documented that almost no female settlers arrived instead.

Thanks for interpreting and relaying in an understandable way; I also liked your analysis and the questions which it raised for you.

excellent video, once again. thank you! i actually got a little tear in my eye when you revealed that there was a genetic connection between those two communities. it's not often we get such a glimpse into prehistory. beautiful.

This made my Tuesday!!! Always interesting and amazing work!

It's 4 am somewhere. Your videos are the perfect set and setting for entertainment and education.

the image of a neanderthal man and his daughter 60,000 years ago and on another continent, speaking an unknown language, whose lives are otherwise absolutely lost to history, yet who shared love between one another and had their little moments and nicknames like all parents and children do nowadays, just had me tear up, ngl

Wonderful discussion, presentation and artwork! Thanks again.

Loved it - thank you so much for this Stefan!

I love Stefan's ad reads! Always genuine and funny!

It's just so cool that we can learn all of these details from ancient bones, DNA is such an interesting form of science

This is great : thanks so much for taking the effort. I truly appreiate it. Great production values too

Quality content as usual! Thanks Milo

This is great! Thank you so much for taking the time to decipher the data for us. You really made it come alive. Sounds like the Denisovan's women didn't wander lol, I hope there are updates in the future

Having the benefit of your interest to share this amazing discovery and others but your questions most particular that bring so much detail to this subject tjen how you introduce it then bring out the meaning, I will always have appreciation to be able to expand my understanding....

Love lots of your videos Stefan, but this was one of the most interesting yet!

Quite amazing! You are a great science communicator, keep it up.

Love your work! Cheers!

Helluva delivery there, buddy! My attention was captured by this info

Love your videos, good stuff as always. Awesome production, awesome story, brilliant way of humanizing someone so far away in time from us. Also, mic fork is missing in the new setup?

I really like what you do on this channel, like, you explain complex stuff really well at a level I'm able to understand ...I'm super curious to learn about ancient humans, how they lived, what did they feel, how did they think etc, but I'm not a genius, I can't understand like, scientific papers lol ^^;; so thanks, really cool video, it's really interresting to think about neandertal women moving around in between groups!

Awesome video, as usual. Cheers

I just got back onto the whole pre-history wagon the last week and a half and I've learned so much. It's amazing, these pre-people existed. They had some sort of dynamic, definitely understood that they needed to be near each other to survive, and left an imprint that we today are still trying to understand. It's amazing, I don't think I'll ever get tired of learning more about our beginning.

Love your videos, Stefan! You have a fan in rural Japan! I often watch (listen to) your videos through AirPods while sitting in Japanese hot springs/public baths.

You earned a subscription for accurately guessing that I am watching at 4AM. 🤣Alas, not high though. 😵‍💫 I really like your style, Stefan - very casual and conversational, but still managing to get the hard data across, with no sense of dumbing it down. I guess like most others who watch your vids, I'm fascinated by the story of human origins. It's become very clear in the last few decades that the old 'branching tree' model that I learned back in the 70s/80s is seriously flawed. Instead there has been a lot of crossover and reintegration between the branches. I wonder if it's becoming a bit inaccurate to think of Neanderthals/Denisovans/'Modern humans'/others as being different 'species'? Perhaps it would be more correct to think of us as subspecies of some overarching whole? I mean, we kept shagging each other throughout our evolution, apparently whenever we got a chance. Maybe we should be known collectively as the Horny Apes? As I said, not high but definitely tired, so probably writing nonsense at this stage. 😎 Again: really interesting stuff, thanks for taking the time to share with us.

I'm both in archaeology nerd, and high (and drunk). But it's not 4 a.m. how do I fit into your demographic? Love yer channel.

A fascinating topic very well presented. Thanks Stefan. I've downloaded the paper in the hope my poor brain will be able to follow some of it.

I think that the sample size could be relatively small. There could very well be other sites in the region with individuals possessing different mixtures of inherited material. Or the other sites of habitation may not have survived at all, which seems likely.

I don’t know why, but the total population sizes of Neanderthal and other prehistoric human types had never occurred to me before as a significant factor in the genetic successes and failures of the different branches of our ancestors. The rapid changes to the genome that takes an individual away from the genetic ideal of its species within something like a couple of generations of inbreeding could explain so much 🤯. Thanks for facilitating this discussion.

Always enjoy your video's Stefan, education never stops. My interest comes from an Australian indigenous friend who's history can now be traced back 75,000 years, I'm always looking for those ancient connections.

Really interesting and throws up lots of new questions. Thanks. ❤

Brilliant and fascinating, as always. Looking forward to the next one!

It's interesting and yes, the father-daughter connectino definitely makes thme seem more... real, I guess? More familiar. I hope we'll eventually learn more about their family structures, possibly some traditions etc.

Great content! Keep up the good work ❤😎

Love your videos Stefan! Super interesting as always. I'm also a 4am stoner watching.

Fascinating discussion as always, Stefan, and the production quality of your videos only gets better each time! Does the genetic data you illustrated beginning @18:35 also suggest that only male Neanderthal-Sapiens hybrids were fertile?

What service did you use for your own DNA analysis @Stefan? I want to do this myself as well

I like the fact that the channels I have subscribed to advertise sponsors which I am happy with (whether I would/can use their products or not). No ethical conflict!

Such a class channel, people like you make me proud to be English. Keep it up. Im a big football fan and my team got battered today so it’s nice to watch really interesting stuff like this to take the mind off it. Legend 👍

Well, it's really only 3:39, but you guessed it pretty close. Fascinating stuff - genealogical reality. I'm a 3.6% Neand, and I miss my Denisovan sweetheart from eons ago. This is as romantic as an Omeleto short film.

That's really amazing. It would make sense that they were depositing their dead there. And if they lived somewhere else nearby, there might be evidence of that. I can't wait for more research to be done.

Such a great video! And I'm grateful for subtitles, they help a lot! =) P.S. I came here from watching Super Mario video, so that first scene was mindblowing!!

As a stoner from the same uni who has recently left a pretty good career to follow my true passion I have so much respect for someone who in the archeology community, which let's be real is tragically an underpaid area, has put the work into making something out of their passion. It's truly inspiring! Keep up the work Stefan!

Incredible video. I don't understand people who don't find this fascinating, my imagination goes wild hearing about the lives of these individuals from so long ago

Its always so fun to watch your videos and just ponder what life looked like thousands of years ago. What did they think about life? Wonder if future humans think about our lives the way we think about our ancestors lives

As someone coming from the more cultural and artistic side of archaeology, I love to see the incredible insight aDNA work can give us into the social structures of Neanderthals

Big fan of your channel Stefan! Thank you for making accessible videos that allow sci-curious folk like me to dive into an otherwise mysterious field of research.

I studied genetics in college in the 70's. It has gone so far, but some of the terms and concepts are the same. I didn't pursue the field so I don't follow much of this so well. Fact is we are part Neanderthal. It could actually be one of our best parts, who knows? Given that we both share so great a part of our DNA with Chimpanzees, we're getting down to fine distinctions here.

Oh yes, Milo dominating the tennis scene, what days they were, we thought they'd never end!

What a cool channel. Never thought i would find this kind of stuff interresting but do thanks to Stefan.

20:40 you are very appreciated for doing so. I always love your videos

I would love to somehow meet and learn about these long gone people, they're so fascinating.. I'd love to know more about their culture, about the things we could never figure out from just looking at bones.

To think 50 to 60 thousands years ago humans got to Australia and that native Australians have a really good amount of Denisovan DNA too.

Puzzling and incredible glimpse into the past. Thank you Stefan

Great work as always!

And to think people have this crazy idea the planet's only 6k years old, so silly. Amazing information man, thank you.

Thanks, Stefan, for bringing this very complex analysis to a broader public. Can it be confirmed whether these caves were actually inhabited? or just deposit areas for remains? And, if the latter, deposited by others of their species, or predators/scavengers?

I don't know why this channel doesn't have over a million subscribers.

I absolutely love your channel. You have a great personality.