Don't forget to go to Skillshare and get a full month free with this link! -> skl.sh/geogirl12221 (The first 1,000 people to use the link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare) Hope you all enjoy the video and learning about the geological processes that were going on when Pangea was broking up! This time in Earth's history is so interesting to me, close to my favorite for sure :D
Rachel: What a coincidence. For fun I’ve been doing a lot of reading on the Triassic extinction. I know as a “retired” geologist I should be delving more into lighter fiction and novels, etc…but I can’t help myself….once a geologist..always a geologist. I think a fascinating video would be to review the latest theories on how dinosaurs may have survived and diversified during the Triassic extinction. Your lecture today, as always, was superb. Do have a joyous Christmas!
End of Permian, end of Triassic, end of Cretaceous -- roughly the same story: All the big and medium-sized land animals get whacked, and some group of small animals takes advantage of the emptied niches.
I've always wondered what it was like when Africa and South America split up. When I was a kid, I imagine it happening all of a sudden, and then this big ocean wave came crashing in to form a big canal. It would be interesting to see it happen in a Timelapse video, but I'm still working on my time machine.
I was thinking something similar except I just think it's incredible to think that continents literally inched away from each other year on year until we have the vast oceans and distances we have today. I know no humans are around to see these events but I wonder what it would have been like to be able to see Africa from South America and what it would have been like to have a small channel of water between the two. When you watch videos like this or even just read about it in books you only really see them connected and then more or less as they are today as if it happened quickly, which it didn't.
For a sense of what it would have been like, you could look at the news in New Zealand right now? (Feb '23) Some houses are going to disappear. The weather plus Wegener's continental drift will continue. You can trust me as I am an old fossil from Pangea.
Great videos, thank you! Another superb geology podcast is Geology Bites with Oliver Strimpel. I'd be keen to hear of any other geology recommendations if you have any suggestions?
This is good. During first year of Covid the university asked me to teach their biogeography course remotely. The former prof wouldnt share their course material so I had to build the entire course from scratch. I wish your video was available then for me to reference on the Pangea lecture (Atlas Pro had some vids I used).
I think, Rachel, this recently uploaded video ( ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-Spk0edEuNbQ.html ) about the first animal life will interest you.
Just found your channel! Great info, well presented and concise! One thing I've always wondered and haven't heard anyone speak about yet is: "what is happening to the rest of the earths crust that isn't pangea during this period?". I'd be very interested to hear about this if you wanted to cover it!
I think you are talking about mostly oceanic crust which has unfortunately subducted since the Early Jurassic. The oldest oceanic crust today is ~180 million years old (N. Atlantic and W. Pacific), although I've heard that some portions of the Mediterranean Sea are older.
I was always impressed how salt domes could "squish up" through much younger sediment, forming oil traps. I couldn't remember hearing the term "Louann Salt" before, so I dug up one of my old textbooks to look (I'm a pack rat) There was no mention of that term in it. (the textbook goes back to 1968)
this is so cool to learn about. you hear about these eras and movements seperately, but not all together - and that is what makes this one so great. thank you doc geo.
I’ve been an amateur geology fan for 40 years and this video just filled in so many blanks for me 😅!!! I love when I find something that teaches me stuff I’ve wondered about for ages.
Almost everything in this video can be observed in NM! Especially the Morrison formation. Not far from my home we have continental material from when Pangea formed
@@GEOGIRL I’m in Albuquerque, but I go all over the state all the time. Especially the southern half. we have some formations from Morrison here in the center of town. There’s also gypsum deposits just east and northwest of Albuquerque. If I’m not mistaken the seismosaur fossil from here was found in Morrison. One of the main paleontologists who worked on that fossil, Dr Spencer Lucas is my mentor
@@GEOGIRL yeah, if you look him up he’s one of the top SW Paleontologists. He’s one of the main contributors to the NM museum of Natural history and has written tons of books on fossil sites and the history of paleontology in the SW.
Nice overview. I have always been curious about the land and rocks. Now that I'm old I have started learning more about geology. Nick Zentner explains the region in which I live. In fact he teaches at the University I graduated from in Anthropology and education. I am now more serious about learning geology. I starting to read about plate tectonics. I of course, have heard of Pangea. This video will be helpful when I get to that portion of the book. I saw that your playlists cover many topics. I will look at those when I am reading those topics. Thank you! I have added you to my list of geologist channels.
Just discovered this channel. As a huge nerd who loves everything geology, geography, and Paleontology, I am hooked! Do you have any advice for a college stufent interested in working for the USGS? Many thanks!
Thanks! Yes, I did an internship with them as an undergrad actually haha! I would look for internship opportunities through NAGT, they have some for USGS, and then those can often lead to permanent positions or at least connections that will help you later on. The other thing to do is literally look up USGS scientists on their website and see who you'd be interested to work with based on each persons profile, and then reach out to like 10 of them to see if you can work with them for a certain amount of time. I did this for many of my summer internships. USGS never had anyone that did anything that close to what I do, so I didn't reach out to many of them, but this email method is how I got my WHOI position a few summers back and I still collaborate with those scientists today even though I am gone. This ongoing networking will help me get a permanent position there later if I wanted to, so just try to get in while your a student at least for a summer! And best of luck! ;D
Enjoyed the video but I'm confused as to why a saline environment would exclude crocs, turtles and fish. Too salty? And if too salty, of what benefit was it to the dinos? Thanks.
Yes, these environments were terrestrial lakes, and from what I understand they were too saline for the freshwater crocs, turtles, and fish, which is why we were surprised to find that dinosaurs were still living and thriving in these environments, so this to us just emphasized the dinosaurs versatility and ability to handle a wide variety of environmental and climatic conditions. (But disclaimer, I am not a dino expert, this is just my best interpretation of the way my book explains it ;) Hope that helps!
Researchers now believe these saline lakes were breeding grounds for swarms of midges which supported a whole triassic food chain. (I would add a link to the research but my comment was deleted last time. No external links allowed?)
Happy holidays. I love your entertaining and informative videos. I'm 65. If I had to live my life over I would like to be a geologist. Thank you for your work
I love how revelations of science lead to more questions than answers. @13:00 The Sonoma micro-continent (SMC) is the first clue that I've learned as to what's under at least the Steens Flood Basalt region in SE Oregon. Is SMC's northern margin limited to SE Oregon? If not, can the SMC be inferred under the Columbia River Basalt Group as far North as Eastern Washington, as far West as the Cascade Range and East @the .706 Line? If not, is the Blue Mtn. Terrane the feature of constraint? Sincerely, Spreading Ridge John
Thank you for your videos, I always learn new, fascinating stuff. I had never heard of the CAMP intrusions, which is crazy because they are basically the shrapnel left after the blasting of Pangea. Truly amazing stuff.
THANK YOU! I have been looking for a more in-depth explanation of the formation of the Louann Salt basin on RU-vid and this takes the cake. Do you know of other places/videos to look for a more in-depth explanation of the ecology of the Gulf of Mexico area just before the salt basin started forming? I'm trying to piece together what sort of things may be buried at the bottom of the salt basin
It makes me wonder what the Earth will look like in 250 million years from now? Will they be another species with geologist, paleontology, etc, who will be looking at the geologies and fossils and building models of what’s going on in the world right now? There will clearly be a layer of fossilized human trash and what would geologist think?? And would land mass look like? Also, if anyone every gets the chance, I suggest you head to Vernal Utah and Dinosaur National Monument. It is amazing and it has great fossils from the Morrison Formation. You can also drive north of Vernal and literally drive through millions and millions and millions of years of geology! There are signs along the road that are informative to what period the scenery is from and what fossils someone would expect to find.
I was going to ask why Pangea formed as one land mass in the first place. Then I just looked it up myself. Apparently, the tectonic plates do this all the time, causing the continents to diverge and converge again into a supercontinent every 300-500 million years, and it's happened maybe four times so far in the history of the planet. But, hey, if you know more and would like to cover that, and/or any specific clues that led scientists to those conclusions, I'd love to hear it!
Geology. This is so cool. Broca's area, or the Broca area is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the brain with functions linked to speech production. 2/8/2021 and I lived again. Broca's aphasia (non-fluent aphasia) Mike Caputo, Year 1 Stroke Recovery, Up Up Up - Aphasia with attitude, Broca's Aphasia, Right-side Weakness, Mark's 22 years-old Stroke: Broca's Aphasia.
Good on you! I am a disabled person trying to help a neighbor with her aphasia. She in in her late 80s and has progressed from only being able to say “okay” to being able to speak almost full sentences. It’s the last word, or object, of the sentence she can’t get out.
Love the cat bombs. Is it possible that the volcanism that helped cause the end-Permian extinction was a precursor to convection that caused the break up of Pangea? Could the two events be linked?
In between pangea (the rift zone that was spreading the continents apart), new oceanic crust was forming at the mid ocean ridge (oozing out from the mantle), while the old ocean crust on the other ends of these tectonic plates was subducting under continental crust getting pushed back into the mantle ;)
Hey!!! Not sure if you’re aware but there’s a band that based their last 2 albums on the Phanerozoic eon!! It got me into paleontology & how I discovered your videos. Great stuff!’ The band is called The Ocean Collective
Why is the assumption that the earth was the same size and pangea broke up like a floating piece of ice instead of the earth being smaller and breaking up like the surface of an expanding marshmallow over a fire?
Been a month since I discovered you, and you remain my favorite science youtube channel. I don't know if you intend to teach, or are already doing so, but if you do, you will make a great teacher. Just occurred to me, you are teaching right now, here, just not here in a formal traditional educational institution. And you don't grade us.
Hahaha Yes, actually I do teach and the lectures I post to youtube are for the most part the same as those I teach in person! ;) Although I don't think my in person students like my lectures as much as those of you watching them willingly here lol ;)
@@GEOGIRL Well I like that you cover a lot of material on a subject I have always been interested in, you are organized, I like your outlines, your voice is very pleasant!, and you are nice to look at. So you have a lot to offer here.
See, I got a new mic not long ago (a few videos ago), but it seems people like it less than my old one... I can't tell. I mean it is something I am willing to pay good money for (and I did for my new mic), but I just don't know how to use it I guess lol If you have any audio tips, please let me know thanks!
I can't decide if I am more enthralled with your intelligence, or your beauty...🤔😍... Either or,, your delivery method of information, allows for my ADD brain to follow with ease... So thank you so much for making another great video, pleasing to the ears and the eyes... Ps,, even your cat wasn't able to distract me from learning something new today,,,lol...
So glad to hear that! I have a brother with pretty severe ADHD and I always aim to teach in a way that is coherent to people with ADD and ADHD because I know how hard it can be, so thank you for this comment, it really makes me happy! ;D
@@GEOGIRL Your delivery is key... You're always quick, and on point, and never over explain or drag on with conversation to draw someone's thoughts away from the topic... I am pretty sure your brother would understand what I mean by this... The key thing about the ADD or ADHD brain, is to keep it stimulated at what's being said,, with quick, but not to quick delivery,, and to get to the point... And you do both of these flawlessly,, from point to point, to point... So Kudos to you, and your methods... Not to go on, but there is nothing worse than a slow 'preacher',, by the time they make their point,, my attention is somewhere else,, and by the time I would try and clue in, I would either be confused, or missed their point completly....Just saying...
So I recently started watching your videos after one showed up on my suggested feed. Today an older one popped up and I cannot believe how much your presentation has improved! It wasn’t bad, but your recent videos are top-tier professional. If you made conscious changes, consider this positive feedback that they were a great choice! Thank you so much for taking the time to present such interesting topics!
Thanks for the Great Graphics and Content 👍 I have been following Nick Zendner's RU-vid Channel as well for awhile. He is currently doing his Winter Livestream A to Z on the Very Controversial BC Baja Accretion of parts of Oregon, Washington State and BC. He is using various Geologists in a interview style, listing their various publications. His style is easy to follow without losing you in the weeds. Yours As Well. Great Videos, Please Keep Your Awesome Work 👍 👌
This was particularly interesting because I worked for the US forest Service in Montpelier , Id years ago doing survey's and there were canyons just filled with Sea fossils...So to see a map of inland seas was pretty cool...
Well, Rachel, Paleo Analysis ( www.youtube.com/@PaleoAnalysis ) has posted a new interesting video on the early Permian period ( ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-lffDzIeYcDw.html ) and my favourite synapsid from the part of the Permian is the famous Pelicosaur, Dimetrodon.
Are fault-blocked basins the features that cover Nevada? Nevada's mountains have always seemed strange to me with how they seem to run a little parallel and patchy. And of course, Pangea was my favorite rock band. It's a shame they broke up 😔
Yes, the assumption is they will at some point. A lot of modeling points to a subduction zone eventually forming off the east coast of North America, ultimately leading to the closing of the North Atlantic and North America merging again with Europe and Africa. The same may happen off the east coast of South America. Australia meanwhile is slowly drifting northward and might collide with the east coast of Asia, and Antarctica might eventually smash into South America or Africa.
@@barbaradurfee645 You have heard that saying. "I found myself between a rock and a hard place." When religious extremists find themselves in such a state, they can come here to Rachel for the rock and across to Erika @GSG for the (not so) hard place. Thank you for your endorsement of GSG; the two make complex information understandable. We should be astounded by the reference list in the video, but then again, science vs superstition is like that.
'fraid you're being way too simplistic when it comes to west coast subduction. You're putting out an old, discredited version of events following accretion of Sonomia. Whatever actually happened it is essentially certain that eastward subduction was NOT continuous from back then to today. For example there is evidence that Quesnellia could have been a rifted section of North America which then re-accreted to the continent as part of the Intermontane superterrane. That doesn't support continuous eastward subduction by itself. Then there's the issue of the Insular superterrane where westward subduction could have occurred rather than eastern subduction. That's supported by tomography work.
Thanks for the details! These introductory textbooks don't go into all the details of each topic (which is nice for me because if they did I would probably get lost because I am not an expert of all things geo haha), so I think they probably left all the complexities out. But I appreciate you filling in those gaps and correcting the simplicity. I once went to a "Flat slab subduction workshop at the University of Houston" and it surprised me how dynamic even one subducting plate can be!! Subducting in some areas flatter than others and some areas only shear stress rather than subducting! It can be so complex! The tomography and geodynamics that goes into it blows my mind ;) Is this what you study? Or are you just very interested in this topic? :)
@@GEOGIRL nothing to do with studying it at all. It's Zentner's presentations which have introduced me to this particular area. He's not a researcher himself, but he's been talking to many experts in the field in extensive videos. He regularly manages to get livestream audiences of over 800 people discussing some pretty complex topics. For example there's been hafnium isotope epsilon values as an indicator of continential v oceanic crust melt sourcing for plutons. Another one that's recently been discussed is the distinction between magmatic and metamorphic rims on detrital zircons. He really comes into things from after Intermontane accretion at 170 Ma. Hence the note about Quesnellia. He covered the origin of Quesnellia and Stikinia and Cache Creek during his Exotic Terranes A to Z series a couple of years ago. One theory being that Quesnellia and Stikinia were both rifted off sections of North America which separated from each other at one end and then Cache Creek came up from the south and ended up between them. Thus the bulk of the Intermontane was formed and accreted at 170 Ma. He's now on the third of his A to Z series, just under halfway through it. The first was Exotic Terranes A to Z where he went through terranes that accreted after Sonomia. During that series he was still somewhat learning his craft in terms of streaming so it was mainly him delivering talks and showing pictures and videos via improvised methods. By the start of his second A to Z series he started having guests to talk about the subjects concerned. His second series was the Crazy Eocene and was mainly about the whacky stuff going on when Siletzia was forming and accreting. There was also some stuff about Insular accreting mentioned during that as well. Now his third series is discussing the Baja BC controversy. Over the past 2 weeks or so he's done 8 live streams and had Jerome Lesemann, Danny Coutts, Will Matthews, Brian Mahoney, Paul Link, Erin Donaghy, Robinson Cecil, Margi Rusmore and Bob Miller as guests. What's interesting is that you frequently see some of those same geologists popping up in the stream live chat, so clearly at least some of them are not just appearing on the show but are watching other episodes of the same series. So at least some in the research community are taking those livestreams very seriously indeed. I do have a fairly extensive physical science background compared to a lot of people as I have a degree in chemistry, but my interest in geology is purely that of a hobby. I stand a better chance of understanding things than someone with no science background, but there are plenty of sets of terms and acronyms that I've had to learn.
I have a very strong intuitive feeling that Pangaea separated after humans or prehumans started to exist maybe 1,000,000-100,000 years ago. The oldest human remains is a 1.5 million yr old jawbone from spain. Prehumans oldest remains come from the country of Georgia 8 million yr. Humans did not have to travel across oceans to get anywhere as all land was connected that is why you have architecture, cave paintings, pyramids, similar hieroglyphs/symbols in different continents. When Pangaea split there was a land mass west of the southern us it moved north and became the alutian islands in Alaska this same land mass was called Lemuria by Americans that came here before the rocky mountains rose and California was swampy and the natives wrote about using footwear similar to snowshoes so they would sink in the flat wet pre rocky mountain landscape after they left their homeland west of were they painted the heiroglyphic symbols in the southwest USA.
When I think of the time of the dinosaurs and Pangea I think of jungle everywhere I had no idea there were large swaths of desert thank you - I learned something 🤩
So Pangea was one huge contiguous continent, but covered only about 1/7th the earth's surface, the rest being oceanic plates covered by water; Pangea broke up and spread out from the centre, with new oceanic floors forming between the separated pieces; But here is a question - sometimes crustal plates subjunct below others, and presumably the heavier (thicker?) plate goes down under the lighter one. So, if there had been a second mega-continent at the same time Pangea existed, but on the other side of the world; it could have been completely submerged by collision with other plates. Was there such a second continental crustal area? Is the amount of continent crust plate reducing, as oceanic plates increase in size? or does the amount of continental crust sometimes increase?
Nope, sea level rise does not directly affect rates of tectonic movement. The rate of spreading at mid-ocean ridges is what controls tectonic movement rates, but that is unaffected by sea level rise and fall. Sea level rise will increase rates of transgression (which means the movement of a basin margin inland), in other words the ocean margins will migrate inland, but only because the seawater will be covering more continental land not because the oceanic crust is extending inland. Hope that makes sense ;)
Dr John Baumgardner's research on Catastrophic Plate Tectonics makes sense of the evidence that all the sedimentary strata was deposited at the same time versus over billions of years. Could you please check out his research and comment.
Interesting to hear about what was happening in what became the Northern hemisphere a bit more during this presentation. In Australia our education concentrated a bit more on Gwandanaland.
Well, there was that time when the huge object about the size of the moon collided with the earth, and then a chunk of the combined planet broke off from the impact and became our moon. It was a very short time together, but that -- _that_ -- was a huge breakup.
Hi there Geo Girl, yet another great presentation. Though I knew some of the material, you helped fill-in some gaps in my knowledge. Part of the Newark Super Group (Late Triassic - Early Jurassic), runs through Central Maryland. It is a “failed rift zone” that runs from Nova Scotia to South Carolina. Grallators have been found, that belong to the small theropod dinosaur, Coelophysis. We have a set at the Natural History Society of Maryland :) pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1572/report.pdf
@@GEOGIRL "Definition: Terrain is the term for an area of land. Terrain may include, flat plains, mountains, forests." You put terrane... I could be wrong, maybe geologists spell it different 🤷♀️
@@GEOGIRL In addition to being bounded by faults, terrane has a distinct stratigraphy, structure, and geologic history. Terrain, on the other hand, is a single, distinctive rock formation or an area made up mostly of a particular rock or group of rocks (WikiDif 2017). Well. There you go. Geologists do everything weird. 😂😂😂
@@KerriEverlasting Ah yes, I see the confusion. Accreted terrane is a whole term used by geologists for a slice of land accreted onto a continental land mass due to subduction. My professor used to always get mad at us when we spelt it terrain hahaha! ;) I don't know why geologists wanted to be different, they just love making new terms I guess lol
@@adamc1966 you're free to believe what you want to believe, so am I, but just to say when the right time comes a lot of people who think they are smart, going to wish they did believe God's word
