CVT transmissions can be found on just about every automatic scooter. All the manufacturers use the same system. The gearing change is achieved by the increase in engine speed activating a set of rollers that adjust the position of one of the pulley faces along the shaft using centrifugal force.
The application of CVT are potentially many. However engineers often seem to choose other solutions. Probably they have good reasons. I suspect energy efficiency might be low due to high friction? Very nice setup by the way.
That would be an epic project. Then, if you're happy with how it functions, maybe consider selling the plans or conversion kits for various types of drill presses.