How close was Rome to an Industrial Revolution? DOCUMENTARY

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Was Rome close to an Industrial Revolution? Build up your own settlement in Bellwright today: rebrand.ly/invictabellwright
In this historical discussion we examine how close Rome was to an Industrial Revolution. Its a deeply complex subjects which I've long considered. To answer the question, we are joined by Chris who is a historian with an expertise in Roman social and economic systems. Our talk begins by debunking the concepts of linear tech trees and neatly defined historical periods. In its place is a more chaotic model for understanding history which is more akin to evolutionary theory as it applies to the ways in which civilizations seek to adapt to their environments. With this new framework in mind we introduce the general hallmarks of the Industrial Revolution from our own timeline. In the following sections we then compare the conditions of Rome to those of Britain just prior to the Industrial Revolution. This involves several key factors: political stability, agricultural productivity, water, natural resources, and world view. Finally we conclude by assessing to what extent Rome was industrialized at the height of its power. This includes their sources of power, material sciences, and means and methods of production.
Sources:
"The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World" by John Peter Oleson
"Technology In the Ancient World" by Henry Hodges
"Roman Metallurgy" by Jonathan Edmondson
"Industry and Empire: The Birth of the Industrial Revolution" by Eric Hobsbawm
"Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700" by Carlo M. Cipolla
"The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective" by Robert C. Allen
"Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity" by Daron Acemoglu
Timestamps:
00:00:00 I. Intro
00:03:59 I.A) Fallacy of Tech Trees
00:08:27 I.B) Dynamic Model of History
00:16:06 1.C) The Industrial Revolution
00:20:20 II. Were the Conditions Right?
00:24:19 II.A) Poltical Stability
00:30:26 II.B) Agricultural Surplus
00:38:15 II.C) Water
00:43:05 II.D) Natural Resources
00:48:20 II.E) World Views
00:55:38 III. Roman Industrialization
00:56:23 III.A) Human/Animal Power
01:00:16 III.B) Solar Power
01:03:19 III.C) Geothermal Power
01:05:03 III.D) Hyrdo Power
01:08:57 III.E) Fire Power
01:12:03 III.F) Steam Power
01:20:19 III.G) Mettalurgy
01:24:50 III.H) Steel
01:30:28 III.I) Glass
01:34:50 III.J) Roman Concrete
01:39:03 III.K) Machinery
01:47:03 III.L) Mass Production
#history
#rome
#documentary

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8 июл 2024

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Комментарии : 817

@InvictaHistory 7 дней назад

This is a topic I've wanted to cover for a long time! Given its complexity we opted for a long-form discussion style to really dive into the details (and even then, this is a quite abridged take on the topic). Hope you enjoy! Also be sure to check out the medieval survival/strategy/sim game Bellwright: rebrand.ly/invictabellwright

@JIMMY-THE-JEW-FROM-PHILLY 7 дней назад

This is an old debate and even before I watch your video I can comment on this. Slavery was so important and cheap that if they had machines doing the work of slaves, slaves would no longer be necessary and that would pose an incredible social problem in the form of more slave revolts but it was more than that. Since it was a slave based economy, despite seeming like a semi capitalist, semi socialist agrarian, society, people didn't think in terms of labor saving machines in the way we see it. The economy was based on scarcity as it is today, except the Western world hasn't dealt with famine in a long time and the price of grain was central to ancient economies but Roman society collapsed, IMHO, because of devaluing currency while there was more silver and gold flowing east than back to the West. A massive trade imbalance caused this as well as new sources of silver and gold drying up. Romans spent itself into ruin. Their taxes often only covered the cost of maintaining security. We can debate the Fall of the Roman Empire forever and it wasn't just one thing but if you have an upper class pissing away cash on luxuries and you aren't getting enough revenue, and you can't pay for the defence of the borders under increasing pressure while people's faith in the value of currency and quality of leadership wanes, it's a perfect recipe for a disaster and I'm sure people knew it was coming. I warn any person looking into the past to not view their world through modern eyes and project our views of the world into people in the past. Ancient people were so superstitious they couldn't understand the natural world and invented a god for every thing in their world except us Jews. Romans even started to not trust the gods and sought other faiths, which Christianity gave them. The Byzantine and Sassinid empire exhausted themselves fighting leaving the West and Near East open for a new power Islam to take hold but slavery continued into the 19th century. If you read Adam Smith's wealth of nations he demonstrated that slaves cost more to. Acquire and maintain than free labor and he did predict a civil war because there would finally be a time where it was better to have a poor free labor class vs expensive slaves. The South didn't have slaves in the same numbers as Romans to keep replacing. The were an investment vs expendable. So by 1860, the world was finally ready to end slavery and I have to admit that the emancipation proclamation was to destroy the Southern economy and not based on a moral decision. It was instead a military one. During the peninsula campaign in Virginia, slaves were first listed as contraband and Newport News VA was ground zero for the first instance of this major event in human history. Remember that it took until 164 years ago for our society to do something about the evil of slavery but it still exists in the Congo where pygmies are owned by other black people and despite a superficial ban on slavery, it still exists in Islamic society. China was caught with slaves in Africa already. Hamas forced Jewish hostages to clean their house and apartment to reenact the Qur'an. It's still human perception that rules the slave world. Congoese say they refuse to give up pygmy slaves because it's a status symbol. Romans could never perceive their world without slaves as do cultures that exist today!

@Denasgurman 7 дней назад

How could you dare speaking about the industrial revolution and pretend explaining what led to it without saying the word capitalism ? How in the world ? People left the farms and founded factories ? What kind of liberal fairy tale is that ? Villages were burnt by land owners, with people in it. You ever heard of the enclosure ? The sacralization of private property ?

@Denasgurman 7 дней назад

How could you dare speaking about the industrial revolution and pretend explaining what led to it without saying the word capitalism ? How in the world ? People left the farms and founded factories ? What kind of liberal fairy tale is that ? Villages were burnt by self proclamed land owners, with people in it. Have you ever heard of the enclosures ?

@TheRezro 7 дней назад

What if Roman empire wold survive until Industrial Revolution? It is simple. It did. Balcanization of Rome was direct result of changes in technology.

@TheRezro 7 дней назад

If we would want simulate realistic tech progression in video games. Then there is something like concept of disruptive technologies. So some inventions actually cause negative effects, changing how things are done. The classic example. The ironworks! Contrary to popular believes iron weapon was at least initially weaker then bronze counterparts, but it was way cheaper and did not demand complex trade networks to gain ingredients. So when it was popularized, Bronze Age empires lost they advantage with many small tribes who rapidly could gain equal armament in large numbers. This put the in long run disadvantage leading to Bronze Age collapse (among things). Same with development of feudalism. It basically hammer your tax revenue, but you gain huge buff to bottom up agricultural development. It is basically what did kill Rome. Most players would not like rapidly lost abilities, as such games cheat keeping only positive changes.

@2whostruckjohn 7 дней назад

An unappreciated factor is the addition of Western Hemisphere crops. Potatoes are the most critical crop brought to the Eastern Hemisphere, and became a critical food source in the 18th century.

@anthonyanderson9326 7 дней назад

@@2whostruckjohn great point.

@user-zn7rg4uu3c 7 дней назад

for real man, I'm indian and I feel bad for my ancestors because potato curries are fire, and we use tomatoes in basically every meal nowadays

@RovingTroll 7 дней назад

That combined with nitrogen fixation methods developed during the 1800s. The industrial revolution was also a revolution in chemistry.

@Xazamas 7 дней назад

@@RovingTroll Even before that, Britain had an "agricultural revolution" before the industrial one due to innovations like Four Field Rotation, better plows and other tools. This was arguably a prerequisite to the Industrial Revolution, as it raised the amount of surplus food, allowing cities to grow.

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

What does that have to do with the Romans? All root crops saved millions of lives during the 100 years war and such, but that came much later.

@MM22966 7 дней назад

Stirrups. It's always the stirrups that mess with me. People riding horses for thousands of years, working with leather, and metal. Everybody looking for the best way to bonk somebody from a horse...and they try everything BUT simply attaching a pair of looped ropes to each side of the bottom of the saddle until...what? 750 AD? As a kid, that told me tech was not linear or inevitable.

@larsrons7937 7 дней назад

Somewhere I read that reconstructional archaeologist (and illustrator) Peter Connolly's experiments with the Roman four-horned saddle proved it to be very good at keeping the rider in the saddle. You could even slide down on the side of the horse without falling off by securing your leg under one of the horns. The Romans were among the first to use the solid saddle tree, a necessary prerequisite for using stirrups because of the weight destribution on the horse's back.

@ihl0700677525 7 дней назад

Tribalism (in this case, clan system). The thing that hold back many civilizations for thousands of years. You can never became industrial society with tribalism. Tribalism tied vast majority of the people to one clan and to one region, making modern concept of corporation, complex supply chain, mass worker migration, and mass mechanization/industrialization nigh impossible to implement. Thing is, Roman society was tribal in nature. Rennaisance era Western Europe and Ming China were IMO the only major civilizations managed to evolve out of tribalism by the 16th century.

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

Uh, everyone forgets that huge fact that most western civilizations in Europe didn't need stirrups, because they didn't need horses for combat. Horses are only in their forte' in open areas, like plains and steppes. So, no need to invent stirrups. But, the people who needed to invent them, the Scythians/Parthians et al, did so. Stirrups only became important to western civ through their use in Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantium when the western mounted "Knights" discovered their great use in combat. Thus, the Byzantines needed them because they were getting inundated by plains people WITH stirrups from the east and north east.

@jangtheconqueror 7 дней назад

@@mutteringmale It's not so much that they didn't need horses as it is that the East just used them more heavily and in a way where stirrups benefitted them. Obviously they used horses heavily, for horse archery. They can't keep any hands on the rein when shooting, so a stirrup helps in providing stability as well as control over the horse in the absence of hands. For the Macedonians and Romans, they usually had one hand free for the reins because they weren't really doing anything where a second hand would benefit them, so stirrups are less needed. But it would have been nice I'm sure and perhaps enabled a greater variety of tactics. To note, they used cavalry to cover and/or attack the flanks, and many a battle was determined by the use of these cavalry. So to say that horses weren't needed is very inaccurate.

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

I didn't say they didn't need horses, but horses were like Maseratis in price for the average peasant and mules!!! More than horses. Peasants had to with oxen, which were much more suited to farm work anyway. That's why horses were the sign of wealth and usually only the nobility rode them.

@someguycalledCh0wdah 6 дней назад

The steam engine was way more advanced and complicated to produce than most people realize Just the ability to produce a waterproof boiler was actually a huge feat

@cdev2117 5 дней назад

I once had a look at a period copy of the construction drawings for a Patentee type locomotive from the 1830s. Way, WAY, more complex then people might assume.

@_kalia 5 дней назад

@@cdev2117 To be fair, locomotives are a very advanced steam machine. Early stationary engines were much much simpler.

@someguycalledCh0wdah 5 дней назад

@_kalia thry also couldn't do much because they were wildly inefficient, we had rudimentary steam engines for way longer than they actually served a functional purpose other than scientific novelty

@lesfreresdelaquote1176 2 дня назад

@@someguycalledCh0wdah Actually the main problem of steam engine was metallurgy. For instance, Cugnot's fardier from 1770 used a very crude boiler and a very very primitive engine, and it worked, but was hampered by the use of copper and cast iron, which made it very heavy and quite brittle. What changed the game was the discovery of actual chemistry (thanks to Lavoisier) and the use of coal, which led to a better understanding of how to create a much more efficient steel metallurgy. Stream engines have been known to at least 2000 years by then, but the metals to handle it didn't exist before the end of the XVIIIth century. The use of much more reliable, lighter metals allowed for the creation of much more refined engines.

@christinacody8653 2 дня назад

There's a small rail line of historical rail trains here. One of the (now) three trains is a steam train. The cost to fix it is enormous. In part because of the experts but more, because there are specialized parts that aren't made anymore and they used extremely specialized wrenches.

@Fearmylogic 7 дней назад

something else not mentioned, that puts together both Material science and steam, Is that While steam is AMAZING, It's damn near useless on an industrial scale without PRESSURE. You need a way to not just make steam, but to contain it, and have it create a lot of pressure, so it can push things like pistons with enough force to move something heavy ( or move itself, like a train ). And to be able to contain those pressures, you need the metallurgy to make vessels that can contain that pressure. That means not just the vessel walls, but things like if it used any kind of rivets, or any other connection with another piece of metal, to form the shape. Then you also need seals that can handle the heat, and hold back the pressure. And that's just the vessel. There's more to a steam engine than just the vessel. The pipes, connection of one pipe to another, Springs to make automatic opening and closing valves There's a chance someone could have easily tried to scale up that spinning steam toy, to do work, but the experiments would have failed, due to them not being able to build up enough pressure to do enough work, to make it all worth it. Many of these different things that they did or did not know and use, are all intertwined, and build on each other. A true industrial revolution would have required quite a lot of different sciences all coming together, to make the entire revolution happen. But, it's super fun to think about just how close they were, or were not, and in what ways they were more advanced than we though, and in the ways they were no where near close.

@_kalia 5 дней назад

@@Fearmylogic A Newcomen style engine would certainly be possible in terms of pressure, since it worked at low-single-digit PSI and the negative pressure of condensing steam. High pressure steam was a later development even in the irl industrial revolution due to the difficulty in containing it, but Newcomen engines could have boilers made from relatively primitive materials and methods. That said, the other issue you run into with a Newcomen engine is that you need a wide piston to generate decent force from such low pressure, and that wasn't really possible until tools were invented for making sufficiently cylindrical bores of that size.

@xmaniac99 4 дня назад

Romans had heat distribution substations in use which had thermal chambers, also see the excavations on Herculaneum of some of the more recent finds.

@Velereonics 4 дня назад

think of how many deaths there were due to not knowing about mechanical load

@Sorter43 3 дня назад

Gauge blocks or Johansen blocks were also a major breakthrough that enabled allowed much greater precision between multiple locations.

@personeater747 2 дня назад

early steam engines were soldered copper, humans have been soldering since mesopotamia and rome had access to high quality copper, as well as stronger metals if needed. had someone had the vision, they surely could have overcome the obstacles in front of them with a lifetime or two of engineering. the science was a small barrier compared to the economic base. near all the workers in rome were tied up in agriculture, so there was nobody to fill the supply chains industrial society needed. in 1800 only 35% of brits farmed, for context, with the others selling their labor mostly. and even in that context, it was the bourgeois and petty bourgeois who lead the economic shifts that brought about capitalism, and rome had very very few of these classes, instead having mostly patricians, plebs, and slaves. I wont delve too far in but those classes had incentives that lead them to more efficient production and forming a different relationship between workers and work, those incentives were absent from rome.

@robertjarman3703 7 дней назад

The medieval period too with its proto industrialization from the late 1400s on would be another good topic on the theme of industry.

@TacitusKilgore165 7 дней назад

The rise of the Burgher middle class and the development of labour saving presses and mills was the foundation of European manufacturing

@mhdfrb9971 7 дней назад

That would be the Venetian Republic

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

To have industrial or any kind of technological massive advances you need several things. A long period of good government and no major external threats.] For example, Caesar Augustus, greatest period of peace and prosperity in all the Roman empire. But, if he had come along a couple of hundred years later, even he couldn't have saved Rome.

@arx3516 6 дней назад

The roman empire had the political unification and money to make things happen. The "proto industrialization" of 15th century DID eventually lead to the actual industrial revolution.

@tj-co9go 4 дня назад

@@mhdfrb9971 I have heard claimed that the Arsenale was a proto-industrial manufacturing facility. That they discovered how to organise each step of production like on an assembly line, by dividing them into workshops and teams dedicated to a certain task. Then these parts of ships would be kept in reserve, which then could finally be quickly assembled and combined into a new ship in a day. It was one of the most closely guarded secret of the repuclic of Venice.

@briantarigan7685 7 дней назад

honestly man, the absolute best thing about this video is that you guys explained with absolute detail about the factors that caused Industrial revolution and debunking the "Gamingfication" of progress and technological development, because too many times, so many people doesn't understand that it takes far FAR more than just a few fancy tool to start Industrial revolution still related to the context of the Video, although not related to the Roman empire, my country, Republic of Indonesia is part of a newly industrialized country, Indonesia is part of G20, 60% of Indonesian population now lives in urban areas, and Indonesia's manufacturing output, being the absolute largest in southeast asia and one of the top 10 largest in the world still keep increasing rapidly especially due to government's downstreaming program, linking all these factors that you guys already explained with the history of Indonesia's economic development, i can see it all far more clearly now.

@GreenBlueWalkthrough 7 дней назад

That's a facly though as can and don't are two very different things... For exemple only 3 nations or so have made their own 5th gen fighter jets and two are second world meaning they are 30 years or more behind behind the first world nations in every measureable way... But only 1 is first world... Under the falcy you assume they can't because take Germany for exemple they culatorlly are anti war and lack the budget to design one... I and the gamers say they easly have the tech they just choose not to... as if they can't how can't they?

@raigarmullerson4838 7 дней назад

@@GreenBlueWalkthrough You spelled "ACKUHYALLY" wrong

@ls200076 7 дней назад

@@raigarmullerson4838lmao

@user-gu8qi4me8x 5 дней назад

Brianarigan l actually cannot express how genuinely criminaly underated this comment actually is and this world actually genuinely needs more people actually like you in this world and community actually genuinely needs more people actually like you in this world and you actually couldn't have said that actually any better than me lol and long live China and Indonesian friendship ❤😂🎉🇨🇳🇨🇳🇨🇳🤝🇮🇩🇮🇩🇮🇩

@user-gu8qi4me8x 5 дней назад

@@raigarmullerson4838yes but actually no

@andrelegeant88 7 дней назад

The answer is, very far away. I long thought they could have industrialized, but I've been convinced industrialization required an incredibly precise environment. Namely, a situation where it was economical to develop a steam powered water pump. That only happened because Britain needed coal after depleting its forests, and it was economical to use an inefficient pump to remove water from coal mines, using the very coal to power it.

@jpaulc441 7 дней назад

If the elites were worried a steam powered ship would make rowing slaves unnecessary and hurt the slave market profits, a psychopath like Caligula might burn slaves instead of coal! 😊

@TheTrueAdept 7 дней назад

That and all the required intervening discoveries in metallurgy.

@andrelegeant88 7 дней назад

@@TheTrueAdept 💯 You needed cannon technology

@Sean.Cordes 7 дней назад

Not just that, but all the technology was largely contingent on both other tech developments, AND on the necessity and demand to use such tech innovations. Like, the Byzantines had steam engines on a small scale with their automata, but they didnt have any need or reason to upscale that technology, and they didnt have the metallurgy to do it on an industrial scale, among other issues.

@turkeytrac1 7 дней назад

Except that in great Britain and Europe they'd been using water powered vacuum pumps to clear mines for at least 2 centuries before steam powered water pumps. They needed more power to pump from greater depths, it had zilch to do with GB cutting down its trees

@thecashier930 7 дней назад

I don't think I can put into words how much I love these well prepared discussion videos. Combined with looking at the "unsexy" topics like logistics and industry is just wonderful.

@MesaperProductions 6 дней назад

Invicta does a hella good job!

@MM22966 7 дней назад

There was social aspects, too. To get enough concentrated/extra labor to get an industrial revolution started, they almost would have HAD to loosen their slave-based economy. I can't imagine that would be easy or possible for the golden era of imperial Rome.

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

The big lie by western terrible education. The whole world was engaged in slavery, since the dawn of time to right now, seeing at Africa still have 700K or more real slaves and the middle east has millions of "indentured servants". The Romans were basically the only ones who had "manumission", meaning, an owner could give freedom to any of their slaves at any time they wanted. We in American actually had that also...seems like we learned a lesson from Roman history. It just so happens that in the North we manumitted most slaves but the south, with their heavy dependence on genetically culled and bred slaves for the back breaking work of plantations, resisted this aspect. And in fact, in Rome, a lot of the technology innovations were slaves, Greek, Eastern, whatever. Most of their medicine in fact.

@micahstoodley2488 7 дней назад

@@mutteringmale Nobody said others didn’t. Why are you so desperate to defend Roman/western slavery unprompted lol.

@chillin5703 7 дней назад

The romans were not the only society with manumission. This is a common trait. Southern slaves were not "culled" to any reasonable degree... @@mutteringmale

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

@@chillin5703 Yes they were. Certain slaves were moved into the categories of "house Ni.......s" and Field Nig....s". The master determine who got to share a shack and "marry" each other. The trip over culled all the weak. The trip by the arabs to the slave pens on the coast of africa culled them. The biggest culling was when black tribes enslaved other black tribes to sell to the Arabs. They killed all the children, the weak, the old and the maimed for the coffle. Look up "coffle". Almost none of this is taught in our horrible, censored, fake news history classes in the west. BTW. where they were held in Africa was called a "factory". Most of this is censored on goowghol.

@mf9463 7 дней назад

Generally slaves are bad for an economy. However many of the free inhabitants of Rome were non-citizens as well, it is very wrong to lump non-citizens and citizens into the same pot as well. It is basically an Empire with inbuilt socially determined colonies which is quite powerful again.

@davidjames2659 7 дней назад

Loved this format, between the back and forth and visual elements. Super well done gents, love your stuff normally, but this is next level history nerd.

@jan79306 7 дней назад

One thing that I have to comment on is the topic of the steam turbine. As an engineer, it really grinds my gears when people say that 'the Romans missed just one step to inventing a turbine' and follow it by justifying a myriad of reasons for why it didn't happen, without considering just how difficult this supposed 'one step' actually is. I understand that not everyone is aware of it, but I've seen it so often now that I'm just tired of it NGL. I think the best explanation I found for this is a video by the engineering guy, linked below. ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE--8lXXg8dWHk.htmlsi=vhvthPzgbtXGD9xe. I think that this topic in particular is also one of the 'not enough changes to other technological and scientific spheres of development'. Anyway, I'll end my rant here, great video as always.

@admiral_franz_von_hipper5436 3 дня назад

Imo, the invention of the steam turbine is the transition into the modern world. The steam expansion engine was the primary engine type up to the 1910s and fits more of the “industrial” period. Surprisingly, it is the rise of the dreadnought battleship and the arms race of that class that advanced steam turbine technology. Steam turbines are still the peak of energy conversion engines today.

@panan7777 2 дня назад

I am a mechanical engineer AND fabricator, that can do most of the metal work sheet or solid, hand and machine work in my shop. Transport me in the Roman times and I could not do much, because even the tech from 200 years ago IS COMPLICATED involving a LOT of BIG machinery of all kinds, labs, measuring equipment, hell, decimal system and unified measuring system was not invented. Try multiplying in roman numerals. NO GO.

@parkersenecal5547 7 дней назад

Never clicked faster in my life Edit: Omg 262 likes???? Thanks bros

@nextarget91 7 дней назад

Right?!😂

@MountainDewbies 7 дней назад

For real😂

@AndrewMaKrayKyer 7 дней назад

Me too!

@GuillermoV11 7 дней назад

Amen to that brother

@rustywenzlawe6287 7 дней назад

I glanced over it... Stopped scrolled back up .. what an interesting topic dude

@mboyer68 День назад

I had a quote posted in my office it read "innovation is a conundrum, it rests when things are good, it thrives on anarchy and chaos". And I think that's valid, and it goes along with another quote "war is the mother of all invention".

@lionelbourgeois6445 7 дней назад

Watching this video and playing Rome Total War, good time.

@harrisonlucero74 3 дня назад

It's amazing how well put together this is for education! You and other youtubers of the same caliber are such a massive resource!

@drandren9093 7 дней назад

Love how you took a more serious, well thought out, and documentary style approach to this video as compared to purely entertainment/animation!

@marcusathome 5 дней назад

Conclusive summary, great video! Yet I'm missing one aspect here: Information recording, reproduction and distribution, of which the invention of paper and the printing press is crucial. And although the Romans certainly had the skills to build the printing press, there was no paper yet to print on.

@lorddervish212quinterosara6 7 дней назад

Such a well researched video, great work man

@mateuszbanaszak4671 6 дней назад

Most YTbers : *10-30 minutes* Invicta : *110 MINUTES*

@GenStallion 7 дней назад

I love how a 2 hr video has been up for less than 20 minutes, and the keyboards warriors are already throwing in.

@MIKE_THE_BRUMMIE 7 дней назад

It's a topic mulled over by many. My take is that England common law and property rights is why the industrial revolution could only have happened in Britain first

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

Maybe because this is the only large place left in the world where you can still voice an opinion, even if google censors many of us? I dream of a day of an absolutely free internet, not one run by the fascisti at gogle.

@OrlandoDibiskitt 7 дней назад

Its a really, really interesting subject tho'... so many "what ifs" to consider :)

@OrlandoDibiskitt 7 дней назад

@@MIKE_THE_BRUMMIE I think it could have happened in ancient Greece had they shared their knowledge amongst the different states. (they had a crappy steam engine but also the tech' to design condensers, valves etc..) I think we can go back to to Henry the 8th and his excommunication from the Catholic church. That made it possible for science to flourish, eventually ending in the enlightenment.

@JD-wf2hu 7 дней назад

You don't watch RU-vid at 5x speed? 😂

@BrianJames-d9y 5 часов назад

When you started speaking to paradigm shifts, I was brought back to my History of Science classes as an undergrad. It's amazing how apparent and subtle truly revolutionary ideas are after the fact. Being locked into a paradigm can be a significant barrier to innovation.

@yivo9996 6 дней назад

Wow! The level of detail and careful thought put into this video is amazing!

@XMarkxyz 6 дней назад

1:18:00 Engineer here, the thing about steam bein able to take more and more heat is not about storing but about the change of pressure you get and how fast it changes, this thing is called superheating and it's used only in the more advanced stema engines like 2nd industrial revolution timeframe, not for sure on the Newcommen engine where most power don't even come from the steam expansion but it's condensation afterwards and the counterpressure from the Atmosphere and so it's sometimes called Newcommen atmospheric engine.

@aeonstar293 День назад

Can't believe I've missed this channel. Very nice, thank you

@Memorial_Memory 7 дней назад

I just wanna say I love your channel and thank God for people like you in this world that make good content❤

@p0xus 6 дней назад

Love this. May be my favorite video from Invicta ever.

@jsherpa25 7 дней назад

Omg alternate history on the Roman Empire by Invicta!!!! My day is made 🎉

@larsrons7937 7 дней назад

Wow, an almost 2 hours marathon on such an interesting topic. I've only just started, but this is going to be exciting.☕

@torin13666 5 дней назад

Apart from how impressive and outright fascinating this is (thank you guys, that was really awesome) - I think Miro should sponsor you 😀 I’ve used it a lot as a PM for project plans, flowcharts, you name it. But what you guys have there is MASSIVE 😀😉 keep up the good work 🤘

@user-tx2mc4dy3y 7 дней назад

Thanks for actually putting effort into your content!

@mrhappyendland 3 дня назад

Really good insight, thanks!

@electricVGC 6 дней назад

Another banger. Great study.

@Wyattinous 7 дней назад

1:16 BRO I NEVER SEEN YOUR FACE BEFORE YOUR ✨HANDSOME✨

@wesleyquinn2939 7 дней назад

I would love to hear more about all of these topics individually like multi-hour lectures please

@TheBrickMasterB 5 дней назад

The primary faction I'm writing for in my fictional setting is largely based on Rome, so this video is tremendously helpful for me figuring out a few of the nitty-gritty details I want to include in passing dialogue or exposition in my story. Thank you so much for this, this is impossibly helpful!

@JimNZ 22 часа назад

I'm playing CIV VI with the Romans... and was asking myself exactly these kind of questions. So cool you elaborated a video about this!!

@19ate4 7 дней назад

It only took 6000 hours to go from the 1st car to the 1st plane

@anonUK 7 дней назад

First car-1886 First plane-1903. Did you mean "days"?

@XMarkxyz 7 дней назад

It took only 66 years from the first plane to putting foot on the moon

@christopherbelanger6612 7 дней назад

@@anonUK He meant days. It's roughly 6000 days for 7 years

@Bern_il_Cinq 7 дней назад

Different tech trees bro

@auspiciouskaktus2692 7 дней назад

@christopherbelanger6612 Break it down for me how you can get 6000 days out of 7 years. I'm genuinely curious how you thought about this.

@rubenjames7345 6 дней назад

The dual host dialogue format makes a smooth presentation delivery difficult, but this was still very informative. Thank you.

@meltossmedia 2 дня назад

This is the most insane video concept and I LOVE it

@weirdosonboats 7 дней назад

Awesome job thanks guys

@lifigrugru6396 7 дней назад

The square based citys have flaws to. Like its wind trap and made airfows stronger and faster. The main bottlenec in citybuilding is road weid's from foot to horse, to cart, to tram, 3-4-5 lane, bicycle... Citis tend to grow organicly organised to important functions not to plans.

@tectzas 2 дня назад

Awesome video!

@GoobNoob 17 часов назад

I love these kind of industrial Rome theory videos

@MartinSjoholm 5 дней назад

Fantastic video. Keep it up!

@EthanolTailor 3 дня назад

I wasnt ready holy shit, an incredibly deep and well put together video, I thought about 10 mins in when we're on evolutionary history, "damn this guy should just publish this in a journal", then realised wait no! this is such a better format, why bother?

@gilburtfilburt8779 День назад

As an engineer, I can point out a million things that prevented the romans from getting a working steam engine, but the most important one in my opinion was lacking the philosophy of science. That is to say, a philosophy that doesn't hand out a theory on how the world works, but one that hands out a method for finding out how the world works systematically; you could never build a locomotive with Aristotle's physics model. Like, you can give the 5th grader explanation on how a steam piston works to a roman, and I'm pretty sure they would understand phase transitions from water to steam, pressure working on a moving cylinder head, pistons attached to crankshafts turning oscillating motion into cyclical motion. What that Roman is going to be lacking is everything beyond that understanding. Ideal gas law, temperature and pressure relationships, specific heat, latent heat, heat of vaporization, energy, enthalpy, entropy, every single other boring value and relationship that is measured or derived through constant experimentation and measurement by the engineers and scientists of the industrial revolution. Lacking this language means that the romans wouldn't know what things they need to look to maximize or minimize, they wouldn't know what levers to pull to achieve the desired results, and they wouldn't even know what things to measure or test to see if they even made a better product at the end of it all. This is also ignoring the advances in metallurgical understanding to make these engines, as well as advances in precision manufacturing and measurement that are unimaginably important at every step along this process. All of this derives from a change in the philosophy of the natural world that created an understanding of how things worked that was obtained exclusively from observations and derived properties. I think this change is an incredibly underrated factor that lead to the industrial revolution, and one critically lacking in the Roman empire.

@arlisnarusberk 6 дней назад

Thank you, it was very interesting.

@astonharrison-taylor3822 6 часов назад

This video is everything I didn’t know I needed

@Whobgobblin 4 дня назад

Every once in a while I put on an invicta video, and I’m always impressed by the art for the visuals, I’m just curious, is it all one person or does the channel have multiple artists?

@frodofredo7747 5 дней назад

This has been my greatest What If in history ever since i learned about the massive waterwheel mill complex

@slartybarfastb3648 7 дней назад

Great presentation! Modern people typically view history through the modern contextual lens. It's refreshing to see these past people acknowledged as being smart and resourceful. We don't know what we don't know until we know we didn't know. A similar video will be made about us 300 years from now. Hopefully.

@Cara-39 7 дней назад

Ancient Rome's achievements have long been admired and acknowledged, which is why it continues to be relevant all these many centuries later.

@slartybarfastb3648 7 дней назад

@Cara-39 Yes, but not my point. For example, Rome had many slaves. It was an accepted class of civilization. Were they evil or was it a function of that time's current industrial requirement? We would call it evil. They would call it necessary. If you asked the slaves (mostly Europeans), they would have called it their lot in life. Or, rebelled.

@ritzrocco494 2 дня назад

Now this is a proper video!

@fredjohnson9833 6 дней назад

I like this long-form analytical approach

@mkvalor 5 дней назад

I'm kind of surprised it didn't come up much earlier -- the role of the printing press and the mass communication that invention provided. Ancient Rome had nothing of the sort. This initiated a flourishing of literacy and education among broader strata of society. It facilitated a healthy competition among intellectuals to publish and to refute one another.

@mattstakeontheancients7594 7 дней назад

This really cool seen a few alternate history vids on if Rome Industrialized. Thinks it’s pretty cool topic. Like what steps could have possibly occurred to make this a possibility. Like would it take climatic, social, and innovation drive to get results anywhere near what the 1700-1800s had or was our timeline the only way to ensure that the industrial revolution occurred when it did and maybe people think Rome could have industrialized as we know the steps needed in advance.

@jamesbooth3360 День назад

Maybe you aren't there yet, (53 minutes in) but four inventions that flow from stability are: 1)Banking 2) Currency- Portable (script that flows via banking) 3)Insurance- Great Britian would not have happened without distributing capital risk via Lloyds of London 4) The corporation- allowing the formation of a task focused organization to accumulate capital, management, labor. and assets to exploit innovations.

@TheMDJ2000 5 дней назад

I'm an engineer, not an expert on the Industrial Revolution, but I would have thought you would also need elements such as: * Metrology, with measuring instruments capable of resolution to thousands of an inch/hundredths of a millimetre * A culture and procedures for inspection and quality (for interchangeability) * Thread systems, including tapered and buttress threads * Machines to build machines, i.e. quality lathes and milling machines * Drawing standards, including dimensional tolerancing would be great * Test facilities, machines and methods * Plain bearing materials, eg. phosphor bronze, white metal All of these things are really required AT THE SAME TIME. Ideally you would also want to have the concept of zero, Newtonian physics, algebra, calculus, thermodynamics (vital for efficient steam engines), test facilities, machines and methods etc etc, otherwise you're relying on trial and error. All of these were available to the pioneers of the industrial revolution (although thermodynamics came a bit later, in the 19th century).

@arthurswanson3285 3 дня назад

Engineer here also. You've got me thinking... their numeral system was far too clumsy for higher level mathematics. I'm sure you'd need an Arabic style number system to get started.

@emilsohn1671 3 дня назад

Yeah I agree. The Romans were not that close from what at least I know. The absence of calculus was a major drawback for them. The renaissance era Europe was more advanced than the Roman empire despite some modern myths and they had the better pre-requisites for the industrial revolution.

@Enderfine354 3 дня назад

Engineer with a histroical hobby. Standards for technical drawing was one such accumelated knowledge. It was a little revolution on its own! Many credit Leonardo da Vinci with its origin, but it can be proofen that after da Vincis life, technical drawings that still had no standard were (mostly) made specifically to copy the older (medival/before the first standards) style. This was by chance also one of the reasons, one of my favorite books on Technological Innovations in history, marks one of its cut off points, before 1500! For those of you deeply interested in learning more about the accumulated Knowledge that appeared before the industrial revolution and can read german(!), there exists an old book from 1996, called "Europäische Technik im Mittelalter 800-1400". It is a comprehensive compendium(582 pages + 60 pages of source credits), that goes in depth on the many innovations that happened in Europe from 800 to 1400.

@Enderfine354 3 дня назад

@@arthurswanson3285 no, I woudnt say that they were needed. Arabic stile number systems, where used in acadimia already from 1300 onwards and the old roman system coudnt really be called clumsy. It was more then enough to help create the first banking houses. I can only speak on this in the german culture context, but the arabic numerals only found wide spread addoption after 1530s (thanks to a certain book form 1522) and the big banking house (I know of the Fugger at least doing it) existed befor that and even still a bit after that the fugger are proven to have still used the roman system of the calculation table. This system was very much enough to create some of the most wealthy merchant families there were before the wide spread change to the arabic numeral system, so it is difficult to say. For academic purposes the change had already long happened and I would say that in a way this proves that the calculation system has less to no impact on what we would call the first industrial revolution. It had more to essential of an impact on the later industrial revolutions. So we need to be clear here about which industrial revolution we speak.

@arthurswanson3285 3 дня назад

@@Enderfine354 There is a reason algebraic and later higher-order mathematics built on arabic numbers, whereas roman numerals are only found in 1970s movies and tv year credits these days.The notation doesnt capture the cyclic repetition of number patterns and cant be extended easily beyond 4 or 5 digits without serious mental overhead. It doesnt capture the abstraction and pattern of scaling inherent in numbers at all. Try to do floating point math, interest rates, or orbitial mechanics in roman notation. I'll wait.

@PlayerJay425 День назад

I think the best way to think of this is to take the ideas that were present then try to flow from there. Like the telephone comes from human ideas of being able to communicate over long distances.

@armandom.s.1844 7 дней назад

I think calling Rome "not a stable anything" is quite an exaggeration, as we take only into consideration the period from 30 BCE to 180 CE aprox. when it comes to study if Rome could have been industrialized. The timespawn of pax romana covers more or less the same ammount of time passed since the origins of Industrial Revolution up to the internet. Most industrial states, if not all, have experienced some type of stress to its political stability or great conflict from Napoleonic wars, nationalist revolts or World War that put the whole nation into risk of economic or social collapse, or just disappearance. Rome never suffered, by the scope of pax romana, anything more dangerous than just government changes, low scale civil war or border raids.

@chillin5703 7 дней назад

The point is the "origins of the industrial revolution" lie before the actual start of that revolution. It was preconditioned by centuries of miscellaneous developments that happened to converge onto that arbitrarily defined (as in, defined by us) shift. Most industrial states may experience some amounts of conflict, but most industrial states did not _create_ the industrial revolution: they existed at time point when it was already underway. The UK, the state from which the industrial revolution and most of its original technologies emerged, was essentially devoid of internal armed conflicts, and instead the beneficiary of large leisurely classes who actively sought to make more efficient the means of production using the tools and scientific theories of the last multiple centuries to drive profit. The Roman empire, even during its "pax", was wracked by internal revolts. Those were not "small affairs", and could destroy regional economies. Preceding the "pax" was 70 years of endemic civil wars. During it, romans experienced not only revolts but regime shifts. These facts _do create_ instability and can ripple. When the people with the money and funds to support the developments leading to industrialization, actively can see their resource and trade investments destroyed by such far away conflicts...

@zacharyrocco4269 7 дней назад

@InvictaHistory I was wondering in relation to this topic would you consider the bronze and iron age transitions from stone age as an industrial revolution as we have found remains of industrial parks of Roman era where they were blacksmith shoppes for mass production?

@reddblackjack 7 часов назад

I found the whole discussion fascinating! I've actually done loads of speculation of my own in this area. It all started back in the 1990's when i started working in food service and eventually went to culinary school, and I'm also a fan of good time travel science fiction. Harry Turtledove, Quantum Leap, Back to the Future, Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court just to name a few. Always into the what ifs and how things could have happened differently. I've always suspected that if i could go back to ancient Rome with my basic and limited knowledge, i would be able to revolutionize the food industry way earlier than it happened. When you consider that the pipes and water vessels in Rome were made of lead sweetening wine and water, and making the upper classes absolutely insane due to the deleterious effects of lead in our bodies, I may have even prevented the fall of Rome itself! Not only with the lead, but also food safety. They knew how to make pipes, sheet metals, and knew about flammable airs that came from the ground and crude oil. So, i think things like griddles, deep fat fryers, and steam kettles would not have been too ridiculous for them. And lots of foods now familiar to European cuisines came from the Columbian Exchange much later, but further afield Silk Road exchanges could have happened way earlier than Marco Polo and his family. So, i suspect that Italian cuisine in particular would be very different today. They invented things it took us a thousand years or so to figure out such as concrete that sets underwater. They had all the pieces of certain technologies they simply didn't put together as well like steam engines and photography. I mean they knew about the camera obscura and silver salts, and the Shroud of Turin was probably a photo of a statue taken on a piece of cloth soaked in silver salts inside of an opaque box with a pinhole. Our modern day railroads are gauged by the standard set by Roman chariot tracks on there roads. Overall i believe that a locomotive of some kind whether powdered by people, horses or steam wasn't too far from them. They made glass in a factory style with glass blowers and guys pressing the blown glass into moulds making mostly identical copies of fine glasswares so, the food preservation technologies of fermentation, pickling, canning, and dehydration could also have done with what they knew. I could go write a whole book! I wondered if anybody remembers the Star Trek episode " Bread and Circuses ". If Rome had been able to resist their own extinction they would have been a thousand years ahead of the Federation not in the middle of a twentieth century style situation ad depicted in the episode. In fact. They would also have been on par with, if not ahead of the Vulcans. Understanding the lore like i do, humans would be way ahead of Klingons, Andorians, and would easily have had a fleet large enough and advanced enough to conquer The Romulans not just appease them. Ironically even though they represented an American view of the Chinese, the Romulans were patterned after ancient Rome. Homeworkds of Romulus and Remus, lead by a Praetor, society filled with centurions, senators, and very expansionist ideas. Among other comparisons. In conclusion i absolutely agree with the idea that they were very close to industrialization and just didn't put things together. And i also agree with the idea that people as smart as Einstein, Hawking, Tesla, and any modern geniuses existed in ancient times. Imhotep of Egypt, Archimedes, Tsun Tsu, Confusious for named examples. Unnameable people include the guy or gal that came up with the wheel, the tribespeople that made friends with stray wokves beginning the dog species, the Africans who figured out the basics of refining and smelting metals, the lady ( most likely ) that first thought to put raw food near fire to cook it. The ancient Pacific islander who invented the yo-yo, as a hunting weapon and the people who figured out it's toy qualities, ancient japanese folks who invented the stirrup thousands of years before European folks. The warrior who developed the first bows and others with other projectiles. The person the figured out gunpowder thousands of years ago. Everyone who had a hand in language is amazing too! Think about how it's actually three translations we do. Our thoughts into spoken words, spoken words into written words, written words and spoken words back into thoughts. It boggles the mind we how we convey ideas! So, thanks for the great video and please do a follow up after reading comments and books and interacting with more experts. I'm a complete amateur only knowing bits and pieces, but i love history. All forms from food history are tech history but also ancient and toy history.

@silveryuno 23 часа назад

Almost didn't watch this when I saw how long it was. But I'm so happy I did!

@amfa42 3 дня назад

Guys, the video is amazing! Thank you for the sources and all the love you put here. Question: what year/period is the distorted map of population concentration representing? I guess it is after Trajan, since the map includes Dacia, right? And secondly, was made by you or.was extracted from one of your sources? If it came from a paper/book, which one?

@JBo77 7 дней назад

Bellwright looks EPIC!

@JK50with10 5 дней назад

The 1815 map of the British Empire is somewhat misleading as it doesn't show the possessions of the British East India Company, which owned most of India and bits of China. So whilst what became British India wasn't technically owned by the British state in 1815, it was in practice a British possession administered by a private company.

@doyen6409 7 дней назад

Could you please link sources in the description?

@InvictaHistory 7 дней назад

Ill work on adding that. This was our main source for much of it "The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World" g.co/kgs/4UvuRBv

@pyeitme508 7 дней назад

Wow@@InvictaHistory

@tanjiro2507 7 дней назад

@@InvictaHistorythanks you.

@doyen6409 7 дней назад

@@InvictaHistory Thank you!

@inthefade 2 дня назад

Awesome. I want that book.

@GeneralGrievous-nr5zo День назад

It would be interesting to talk about this in relation to medieval Europe. I've heard that monks in England had blast furnaces in the 15th century. As well as the different types od mills and the overall technological development that happened in high & late middle ages.

@EgoEroTergum 7 дней назад

I HAVE NEVER BEEN MORE EXCITED FOR A DOCUMENTARY BASED ON THE THUMBNAIL AND TITLE ALONE. VEDI VICI BY JOVE, WOT WOT😂

@1Kurgan1 День назад

I was really hoping for more of a discussion on the projection of the Roman empire had it not collapsed. Rather than a "it wasn't possible and would take 1600 more years". I do appreciate the video, but the discussion is always about if the Roman empire had not collapsed how much sooner this all would have happened. And in my opinion, it definitely would have been sooner, the dark ages are called that for a reason, it was a recession.

@Panzerbjrn 5 дней назад

That was very interesting...

@SkyFly19853 7 дней назад

That video is really useful for Civ like video game I am developing.

@eu4juke785 7 дней назад

wow this very interesting and cool stuff later on in the video you guys mentioned chinas iron production could you make another one of these videos in same format how close was ancient china at the time to an industrial revolution?

@DSlyde 6 дней назад

This was great but there were a few times where the reasoning boils down to "because they didn't" instead of reasons with actual predictive power. I think it's largely a polish issue - they're trying to cram a topic you could write a series of books on into a reasonable length video and do it in a conversational style, so it's to be expected, but its jarring when the majority of the content was so solid.

@chadblake7142 7 дней назад

The discussion of technology in this should reference James Burke's excellent "the day the Iniverse Changed"

@alexanderren1097 6 дней назад

Great video! I’d love to see a video on this topic but about China. From what I’ve read recently, it seems to me that the Song Dynasty was very close to an industrial revolution around 1100 until they were conquered by a nomadic steppe people

@Idk-cb5qg 6 дней назад

Now do one on how close the Song dynasty was to industrialisation

@jclplambeck 6 дней назад

This channel is better than the university now.

@JunnoStromboli 6 дней назад

Video starts at 22:00

@yourdailybeats1127 7 дней назад

The "absolute" rule of roman emperors was not really there for a lot of emperors the senate had eminence authority at times while other emperors would curb stomp their power. The problem wasn't a counterbalance to the absolute rule. that's fine. It's the lack of true inheritance laws and an outdated bureaucracy that was set up by an unstable senate, which was itself was designed for a city state with very little real government restructuring outside of the provincial reforms

@mutteringmale 7 дней назад

Just like today, the senate is a pestilence fostered on us by well meaning but ignorant signers of the constitution who learned nothing about Roman history, except what they read their British centric classes in the "classics". The greatest empires in the world and the longest periods of prosperity has always been benevolent, intelligent dictatorships. Democracy is very short term aberration in history, and soon to be forgotten as the horrible very short termed experiment in democracy in Athens led to cannibalism, Athens burning to the ground and the diaspora of thousands who had two nickels to rub together fled screaming to other safer spaces where the voting mob couldn't get to them. We see the same thing here in USA, where the two nickel holders are fleeing screaming out of big cities and liberal run areas to safer and better areas in the USA.

@user-ym2ne1zg1b 7 дней назад

Could you please link your sources?

@phyrr2 21 час назад

People forget the largest factor - Materials Technology. Which is also influenced by availability, time investment, geopolitical stability, cultural interest/aversion. If for instance you took a "Jade Society" like in South America where metal was more scarce and/or never brought to bear electrical discovery, their technology would have skewed in a much different direction. This is one of the ideas for Megalithic ancient cultures - the fact they could literally make drill holes and "scoop" marks out of 120-200 ton megalithic stones, transport them hundreds of miles and erect them and piece them together with what should be unattainable precision, contributes to the argument of a completely different "Technology Tree" if you will. In the end it's also ingenuity, which is most creative in scarcity but again is also very much affected by all the other factors above. There can also be other types of tech revolutions, not necessarily "industrial". Reason being is that much of the tech skyrockets once the populace reaches a semi-sedentary quality of life state of living. Go back to the Jade Society - if they could've reached a high standard of living without metal, their free time for R&D would've stayed closer to its original path based on their presumed needs and desires. Which easily would've resulted in materials technology sans metal that we perhaps couldn't even fathom in our own current technological world. Yes they are patterns and tendencies. But it's just like the color spectrum - remove any one of the 3 basic colors and you're going to only have this or that portion of what's available to you. Just to throw in a wrench, NOW imagine if humans had different senses, or had hearing as their #1 sense and visual as #2 or #3? How do you think it would've changed everything at that? I'd bet that be an even more exponentially different path than anything else you could shake out of the mixing bag.

@V.B.Squire 6 дней назад

One factor they missed which might come under the philosophy section, the industrial revolution started when people realised theyd already discovered most of the world so the only way to secure "immortality" by discovering the secrets of science

@LapisLazarusXD День назад

Their answer is 1:48:27 and they say they don't know. Great. The title of this video currently is "How close was Rome to an Industrial Revolution? DOCUMENTARY" in case it changes.

@yesiamanerd2040 День назад

Absolutely fantastic presentation. My one question is, how did the innovation streak or period start to breakdown and why? Was it due to the breakdown in the bureaucracy or organization of communication across the empire? Or did they just depend on one smart person in a given area, but the knowledge was not widely dispersed? So many questions about why things stagnated and finally led to the early Middle Ages.

@Romulan1993 3 дня назад

Hi there, I'm an Ancient Historian who was previously an Early Modern and modern historian. You have the 'conditions' of the industrial revolution completely wrong. There is deep and detailed, nuanced, historiography about this. You are wholly taking the Robert Allen approach, where Joel Mokyr's theories have stood the test of time. They are more or less taken as the correct way of thinking of the 'conditions' for industrial revolution. I would have thought this would have been something you would have identified.

@annadalassena5460 5 дней назад

I want to weigh in on the Roman ships: you say that they didn't coulnd't do long trips without nightly landfalls. They could: the route to India for example they sailed down the read sea and then across the north Indian Ocean using the trade winds. That is a 4000 km + trip from Berenike to India with perhaps one stopover in the red sea. For obvious reasons there were no ports available to them along the north coast of the Indian ocean. Similarly, the large grain ships from Alexandria to Rome covered an almost 2000 km trip with perhaps one stopover. The daily stopovers was for rowed warships,and even those could spend a 3-5 days at sea if needed. The percieved need for daily stopovers went back to the lightly built Greek triremes, the later quinquerems had more hull volume and hull stenghtto store provisiosn for days and stay at sea. The main problem with Roman ships was that with their single square rigged mast (sometimes a second one was mounted) , they were practically limited to sailing before the wind. They were lucky that this was no problem to and from INndia due to the prevaling trade winds in the norhern Indian Ocean that gave a route back and forth sailing before the wind. Thus the ships could be very large, but their sailing qualites were similar to Medieval cogs.

@Inaf1987 7 дней назад

Just favourited this video

@jezusbloodie 7 дней назад

This was such a great watch! Those maps about deforistation have me down a new rabbit hole! I'd love to see this expanded to a series. Why didn't the Chinese industrialise earlier? Why didn't the Spanish earlier? How close were the Muslims in their golden age?

@bilboplayedminecraft3322 11 часов назад

The Greek Navy did an experiment several years back using a type of polished bronze mirror in an Archimedes lens and they were able to burn a model Tri-Rheme at quite a distance

@night8285 7 дней назад

What's the name of the harvester? 30:36

@MelodicMethod 7 дней назад

I do indeed enjoy looking at lines on maps! This was a wonderful deep dive. PLEASE ask your future guests to not pound the table while the mic is live. Thanks!

@antonioargudo1951 5 дней назад

best channel

@Jagdtyger2A 7 дней назад

You may wish to update your assessment of Roman era trade ship capabilities/ Those ships and the Carthegenian/Phoenician ships were more than capable of surviving voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Hell, Thor Heyerdahl proved that by crossing the Atlantic in a Reed Boat and the Pacific on a Balsa raft

@jayayerson8819 6 дней назад

@InvictaHistory 33:40 Major historical oversight: People didn't start moving into the cities willingly in England. People were thrown off their land by their landlords, in order to grow cash crops (especially wool), knowing that factories in the cities needed labour (and likely some of them were shareholders). The burning down of peasant houses is where we get the term 'fired'. It's not unique, either - in Russia, St Petersburg specifically had workers directed there by the Tsar. 1:28:00 Also for goodness sake, 1500C is not 50% hotter than 1000C. 0C is ~273K (same unit size, but starts at absolute zero). And because you asked engineers to @ you, steam is not a battery, it's a force transfer mechanism.

@inthefade 2 дня назад

But what he means by a "battery" is that you can store energy continuously until it is needed. There is no functional limit to the energy that you can put into it, besides the strength of the vessel, until you want to use that energy. Short of a flywheel there isn't anything comparable that could be made in that era to store energy that I can think of.

@Lock484 День назад

Another major flaw at 33:15. In hundreds of PERCENT yes, but that is definitely not 10*, 20* or 30* or even 400(!) times 😳. From I've I've quickly googled and a paper written by a university of California historian Gregory Clark, the output per farm worker in Britain from 1300 to 1850 increased about 4.4* or 440%.

@mgrimes 2 дня назад

Who else is watching this……… just in case you get transported but in time to the Roman Empire, and can make it live forever.

@alyssa2133 7 дней назад

The same kimd of video about Song China might be interesting :D

@ladyattis 3 дня назад

There's also the matter of financial norms. The idea of capital accumulation wasn't much of a thing in the time of the Romans mostly because of the other factors you mention in the video but the specific norms of financial capitalism weren't there to get them over the hump. Although those norms were developing in the Industrial Revolution, they also influenced the outcomes of it, especially towards the later period (Trusts, cartels, etc) but it all really accelerated the processes therein. If the technical know how was there in Rome as you stated mid-way, the ideological concepts were just not conceptually feasible then I would say that includes financial norms and practices.

@vincentcleaver1925 2 дня назад

As a half ass world builder, this was so much fun. Resources and challenges, and cultural death matches, Rome vs. Carthage, Rome vs. Persia, Christendom vs. Islam, Orthodox slavs vs. the hordes, China vs. ultimately everyone? 8-P