How does a cyclotron work? | (No physics) 

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Hi, thank you. Are there specific things that you'd like to know about nuclear medicine? I'd love to have your input. Paulien

@@dr.paulinemoyaert Hi, I am a beginning research fellow, so videos explaining basics of Nuc. medicine would be much appreciated. For example, how radioisotopes are developed, what is meant by image acquisition, how images are constructed, quantification in molecular imaging, kinetic modeling...etc. I would be very thankful if you could make a video on standard uptake value in particular. I hope that helps.

@@lostbutfound5414 Yes, thank you! It won't be for the next few weeks, but I'll definitely take this into account. Thanks again for your suggestions.

@@dr.paulinemoyaert Hello Dr. My name is Paul and it's a pleasure to meet you. I'm going to hand type some things to look into and hopefully both of us can find some answers to share with each other. First the Schrodinger equation and the wave function collapse. The Schrodinger equation only works for hydrogen as it can not work with multi electron elements because the conservation of energy is invalid due to the wavefunction that is chosen out of an infinite amount of wave functions through derivative driven approximations and guesstimations. The inverse square law does not apply to extended sources of radiation (Bureau of Standards volume 3 pages 81-82 1907). This law and formula is used to calibrate and take measurements with most of our radiation detection monitors including the well known and used geiger counter. With various extended sources of radiation around the planet, of which is not in vacuum and has a water cycle, then how could ones intensity of exposure be measured with a device when the effective center isn't known at that point? With it distributed in the field and an ongoing flow of energy and matter into the environment (Plancks black body radiation stipulation), how could we ever measure the correct amount of ionizing events when the center isn't known. Add issues such as Townsend electron avalanche and a quenching gas for the anode and cathode inside the tube, gamma attenuation shielding for outside influence, saturation of the tube, a perfect voltage from a battery and a host of other issues such as backfeeding current when connecting to a computer through a cable causing fluctuations in the readings. 1 electron volt is 1.602×10-19 Joules. 1 Joule is the amount of work done when a force of one Newton (1 kg×m/s2 mass of one kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second.) displaces a mass through a distance of one meter in the direction of force applied? This is international standard and no one sees any questions within any of those explanation of measurements? Just the thickness of the lines to measure one meter are important much less time, mass of a kg exactly and the amount of work done explanation. Our systems are built on estimates, the probabilistic mentality, set in stone factors that aren't questioned even by those that go through college to get that piece of paper that says one repeated enough information they taught you to move forward into the capital workforce. Patents of these machines and devices lead us back to government and military. This all came from war and the Manhattan project.

Nice to meet you too, @@paulmobleyscience. Thank you so much for your help, I really appreciate it. I have to admit that your explanation is a bit above my head ;-). I've never studied physics, so I'm afraid I don't know anything about the Shrodinger's equation or about the Plancks black body radiation stipulation. However, I hope other people can use your information to find the answers they're looking for. Thanks again! 🙏💛

Wouldn't the wasted fuel that's spent and not fissile still be unstable radioisotopes that would be still charged? If the electronegative fluoride doesn't break the covalent bond by attraction then it must do it by repulsion there is no other answer. The electronegative fluoride must attract an electron or repel an electron in some fashion and this would be the case for transuranics and radionuclides inside the body that are ingested at much smaller amounts. By a small daily dose in the drinking water fully concentrating in the body, this would have to cause the covalent bonds that transuranics and radionuclides inside our bodies to our cells would have to break those bonds and help flush it out of the system that's laced with fluoride throughout the body and into the urine would it not?

I'm sorry, I don't know the answer to this. This is too detailed for me 😉

@@dr.paulinemoyaert No need for an apology, I know it's not your typical question and does take some research into understanding it. I believe this to be the case and why it was actually put into our drinking water just after they learned what the open air atomic bomb testing did to the public. It's not for healthy teeth when we consume it in the water. It barely touches the teeth before we swallow it and makes no sense to put it in the water other than an internal use.

the charged particle spirals outward, thus, each revolution is longer in length but same periodicity since the particle is accelerating. this means the oscillation of charged Dees can remain at a constant rate.

seriously

You can maybe use an alpha emmiter like americium 241. I am not sure tho.

Hi Ryan, I have to admit that I don't know the answer to your question. I only know the basics. I tried to look it up on the internet, but I couldn't really find an answer. I'm sorry.

I agree there are many questions that don't have answers surrounding this method. The cyclotron used today was invented at UC Berkeley in California and where much of our understanding of this topic comes from. If it's in a vacuum then how can they inject a particle or piece of something that is known? If they put that particle in before and then make a vacuum in the chamber then how can they guarantee that particle wasn't taken out with the vacuum. Then, how can they know that the electrons have been stripped from the particle before injecting it into the cyclotron leaving only a nucleus? Then they inject different charged ions without electrons and measure the difference in the frequency of the circular pattern that's made by the particle. Thats how we know how many protons are in each element in the periodic table. It's all based on a specific amount of electron volts and a specific magnetic field strength.

Thank you, @@paulmobleyscience 🙂

Electron stripper. What they say they are doing is taking off all the electrons leaving only a nucleus of Protons and neutrons. That would get our mass of the nucleus which gives us the knowledge of the different mass of various then unknown elements that now make up the periodic table. The different frequency between the amount of changes that occur in those distances of specific electron volts and magnetic field strength inside the cyclotron. The changing in polarity creates a frequency that can be looked at based on our parameters of our systems. They measured the differences of those frequency of changes for each different element and how all this came about. Now to me there are many questions that don't seem to be asked about this entire system we have plagued with phenomena that can't be explained with our systems and measurement capabilities and downfalls.

So we use a device called a source and RF(radio frequency) essentially a source is injected with a element such as hydrogen but there are many others such as (carbon not approved for medical use) under vacuum and high electricity the source attracts the electrons leaving only proton and neutrons(as these can't not be removed) from there they are extracted using magnetics and put into the cyclotron where they are speed upto 1/3 the speed of light.