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Hyponatremia means that the sodium level in the blood is below normal. Your body needs sodium for fluid balance, blood pressure control, as well as the nerves and muscles. The normal blood sodium level is 135 to 145 milliequivalents/liter (mEq/L). Hyponatremia occurs when your blood sodium level goes below 135 mEq/L.
What causes hyponatremia?
A low sodium level in your blood may be caused by too much water or fluid in the body. This "watering down" effect makes the amount of sodium seem low. Low blood sodium can also be due to losing sodium from the body or losing both sodium and fluid from the body.
Hyponatremia can be the result of illnesses and medications. Some causes that may be related to kidney disease include:
Kidney failure - the kidneys cannot get rid of extra fluid from the body
Congestive heart failure - excess fluid builds up in the body
Diuretics (water pills) - makes the body get rid of more sodium in the urine
Antidepressants and pain medication - may cause more sweating or urinating than normal
Severe vomiting or diarrhea - the body loses a lot of fluid and sodium
Excessive thirst (primary polydipsia) - causes too much fluid intake
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
There may be no symptoms if you have mild hyponatremia. You may have symptoms when the level of sodium in your blood goes too low or drops too fast. In severe cases, you may have one or more of the following:
Nausea or vomiting.
Headache, confusion, or fatigue
Low blood pressure
Loss of energy
Muscle weakness, twitching, or cramps
Seizures or coma
Restlessness or bad temper
How is hyponatremia diagnosed?
The only way your doctor can know that hyponatremia is present is with blood tests that measure the amount of sodium (Na+) in the bloodstream. Your doctor will also perform a physical examination to detect the severity and cause(s) of hyponatremia.
How is hyponatremia treated?
Treatment for hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of your symptoms. If you have mild symptoms, your doctor makes small adjustments to your therapy to correct the problem. This usually involves restricting water intake, adjusting medications and removing or treating the causes. Therapy may be short-term or long-term. For the short-term, we may restrict water intake, adjust or stop medications, and treat any underlying problems. For the long-term, we may continue the short-term treatments and add salt to your diet or try some newer medications.
People with moderate to severe hyponatremia require thorough medical evaluation and treatment, usually in the hospital. For the sickest patients, we may replace sodium intravenously (straight into a vein) and really limit water consumption. may be used to correct blood sodium levels.
Treatment to correct any underlying medical problems - like congestive heart failure (when poor heart function causes fluid to build up in the body) - is also used to improve hyponatremia.
What complications are associated with hyponatremia?
In many cases, hyponatremia causes extra water to move out of the bloodstream and into body cells, including brain cells. Severe hyponatremia causes this to occur quickly, resulting in swollen brain tissue. If left untreated, complications can include:
Mental status changes
Seizures
Coma
Death
8 сен 2024
