Is This The Oldest Dad In The Fossil Record?

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Fossil evidence suggests Diictodon used burrows to breed, and that a parent stayed behind to feed and protect their young. And the parent that stayed behind? It might’ve been the male.
Thanks to Julio Lacerda ( / juliotheartist ) and Ceri Thomas (nixillustration.com) for the Diictodon reconstructions featured in this episode.
Thanks to Corwin Sullivan, Diane Scott and Robert Reisz for their image demonstrating Diictodon's sexual dimorphism. And thank you to Roger M.H. Smith, Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Julien Benoit, and Vincent Fernandez for allowing us to show images from these burrow discoveries! doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021...
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1l...

Опубликовано:

25 май 2022

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Комментарии : 603

@bobbyvee9950 2 года назад

Sadly we won't ever know what Dad jokes were told.

@rougnashi 2 года назад

This is the true tragedy of this fossil discovery.

@bagea 2 года назад

yeah, but we Diictodon't know what these jokes were

@mariunfabregas7533 2 года назад

@@bagea there it is

@kellysouter4381 2 года назад

We'd need to learn the language first.

@bobbyvee9950 2 года назад

@Pokémon Spears I don't bite.

@rl9217 2 года назад

“Dad we’re extinct.” “Hi extinct! I’m dad!” “…dad our species is literally falling apart this is not the time.”

@manzac112 2 года назад

I wish media these days would talk more about the variety and uniqueness of life in the Paleozoic Era and life from the Paleocene epoch to the Pliocene epoch. Whether it's movies or documentaries they always spend too much on Dinosaurs and Ice Age that they are shoving back all the other animals that make up the prehistoric worlds.

@KrwiomoczBogurodzicy 2 года назад

Indeed. SMH at sensationalism.

@bri1085 2 года назад

In fairness, the fossil record probably has to newer fossils, even then, the earlier cenozoic is very neglected, with whales being pretty much all that gets attention

@fabmanosaurus4795 2 года назад

Even within the Mesozoic, the Triassic gets little attention besides the start & end, and the former is just because of The Great Dying. Not to mention most of the Cretaceous gets screwed over by the Maastrichtian, which feels unfair as that's only the last 5-6 million years of the longest geological period in the Phanerozoic eon.

@charlesnew5834 2 года назад

I agree! The Paleozoic is so interesting because life was going wild with experiments and things were unstable. The Mesozoic was relatively stable in comparison.

@CChissel 2 года назад

I want to see someone do the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), I think that would be really cool and interesting.

@MatthewChenault 2 года назад

It’s likely that both the males and females cared for them in a similar fashion to birds. With birds, the males _and_ females take care of the offspring. This would make sense in this case because, what we often associate with mammals, such as mammary glands, hadn’t developed yet and wouldn’t for another 150+ million years. As a result, food would have to be brought to the babies in some form, which means both the male and female are equally capable of tending to the young.

@michaellevesley3578 2 года назад

Yeah but even in birds, a lot of species only have female parental care

@robertmcauslan6191 2 года назад

@@michaellevesley3578 Solitary male Care is more likely to be found in fish and birds.

@petrfedor1851 2 года назад

In cassowaries it´s male who take care of young ones while female try to have so much eggs as possible. Obviously we have not enough evidence for Diictodon doing something like that but it´s on table.

@phatpat63 2 года назад

It's also possible that they've misidentified which morph is female.

@larryscarr3897 2 года назад

Platypus, no memories but still make milk.

@rin_okami 2 года назад

I wonder if the sexual dimorphism wasn't because the males were competing with other males, but more because the males were primary caregivers and needed to be able to defend their brood. I imagine a larger size and big tusks would be just as useful for scaring off potential threats as scaring off potential rivals.

@benwest9004 2 года назад

If this is true they might not be males at all. Maybe the females are the larger ones with tusks to protect the young.

@DragonFae16 2 года назад

I would say the first question to answer would be whether Diictodon laid eggs or gave birth to live young. If females laid eggs, seeing parental behaviours more similar to birds wouldn't be surprising. In most ratite species, the female leaves after laying the eggs and it's the males that take on all care of the offspring. Imagine if the reason that males were found with the young wasn't because it just happened to be their turn but they were the primary/sole caregivers to the offspring. I think that would be super cool.

@JoelFeila 2 года назад

they are to old for placentas they couldn't have given live birth like how sharks do.

@DragonFae16 2 года назад

@@JoelFeila I wasn't completely sure. But I did have an idea overnight. What if the tusks of the males are a defensive structure used to protect themselves and their offspring. And the lack of tusks on females could indicate they didn't participate in raising the young. Someone should research that.

@sorrenblitz805 2 года назад

@@DragonFae16 the closest thing we have today to a Diictodon are Monotremes. Platypuses, echidnas, they lay eggs.

@benwest9004 2 года назад

True about ratites but these would be closer to reptiles than birds. In some reptiles the females are larger than the males. As mentioned above tusks can be used to defend the burrow not just fight for mates

@sylviekeller4729 2 года назад

supposing the female is smaller is supposing they were quite mammal-like. In egg-layer, the female is quite often much bigger. (one third in bird of prey, about that in frogs from memory...)

@aplaceinthestars3207 2 года назад

Every time Therapsids are discussed in Eons videos, my brain just can't wrap my head around them. I guess it's one of those consequences of learning over-simplified, elementary school taxonomy where the definition of mammal, or bird, or reptile is totally static. Even if I can't grasp them philosophically, I'm happy when they're talked about in these videos, because it helps reformulate these concepts in my head.

@dinohall2595 2 года назад

I took AP Biology in high school and even I didn't learn how cladistics worked until I was an adult. My teacher even claimed the textbook was wrong in saying protists weren't a real kingdom because they don't all descend from the same common ancestor.

@witchflowers6942 2 года назад

the most important fossil discoveries are often the saddest. These cute families were suddenly killed while cuddling in their burrows. the babies didn’t have a chance

@Goldtiger142003 2 года назад

Diictodon is such an interesting critter. It's like a naked mole rat crossed with a nondescript lizard and bird. It's a shame they didn't survive to see us.

@DB46811 2 года назад

They’re probably lucky they didn’t. We tend to ‘extinct’ lower life forms pretty indiscriminately. 😔 Pessimism aside, totally agree about them being interesting- AND CUTE!

@jessicaclark7130 2 года назад

If they had, we probably wouldn’t even recognize them as the same animal. Evolution would have changed them I’m sure

@bruceclark7198 2 года назад

If therapsids, like diictodon, are ancestors to modern mammals, then, perhaps they did survive.

@Tricks27 2 года назад

@@jessicaclark7130 ermm we’re gonna skip over crocodilians? Basically still the same before & after the dinosaurs.

@seurn7801 2 года назад

They look like tortoises with no shell 😅

@danielbickford3458 2 года назад

Kind of curious on how they figured out which set of sexual dimorphic traits were for male and female respectively.

@nerdyspinosaurid 2 года назад

I wondered that too; I have a certain feeling that they just guessed "ah obviously male is the big one with tusks" without any direct evidence, people tend to do that, but it is also possible it's more based on some stuff in the hips (is that an approiate term for quadrupeds?) that might give clues to their genitals. Not sure tho.

@NorthForkFisherman 2 года назад

@@nerdyspinosaurid From what I've read, there are a few ligament insertions in the mammalian pelvis that help show where a uterus would be anchored. So possibly, they've found something similar?

@matthewthompson8625 2 года назад

@@nerdyspinosaurid I really doubt that they just guessed. These are paleontologists, not "people" who "tend to do that"

@WanderTheNomad 2 года назад

@@matthewthompson8625 The people who tend to guess have no idea how paleontologists do things, so they just project their own experiences onto the paleontologists.

@katherinegilks3880 2 года назад

Well, through research and study and comparative analysis, of course. I’ll trust the palaeontologists before random people on the internet.

@lizard8749 2 года назад

Learning more about prehistoric animal behavior is super facinating to me. Like they were real animals with real inner lives. Like I can't help but wonder if the father's played with their offspring to teach them how to be adults? Did the babies play in the dirt and practice digging holes? Did they play fight to learn self defense? It's so facinating and it makes me smile seeing stuff like this

@stefanostokatlidis4861 2 года назад

No, probably they just curled together for protection and maybe had simple play routines, like running from place to place like rabbits.

@lizard8749 2 года назад

@@stefanostokatlidis4861 it is all speculative no one can be sure but I do think you're probably more accurate

@JM-rq4nv 6 месяцев назад

I know!! this is exactly why i love this channel, my imagination goes wild

@samdavenport4604 2 года назад

Went to the national museum of Scotland a few days ago with my girlfriend, we were in Edinburgh for a few days, we live on the west coast. was able to impress her by naming most of the prehistoric skeletons without looking at the descriptions, all thanks to you amazing guys at PBS eons. The fact I was able to impress my girlfriend is cool, but the fact I was able to name all those skeletons and models based on what they looked like is awesome!! Thanks guys, only then I realised how much you've taught me just by watching your videos when they come out. I wish I could afford a membership or patreon subscription but when I can I definitely will!! Keep it up guys you're teaching lots of people more than you can imagine!!! ❤️

@rougnashi 2 года назад

The older I've gotten, honestly, the weirder I've found it when people ARE surprised about male parental care in the fossil record because *gestures broadly at the animal kingdom; points specifically at seahorses*

@nicodarsh 2 года назад

It's like when people try to argue that homosexuality is unnatural. *Motions towards almost every mammal* *Points specifically at rats*

@rizkyadiyanto7922 2 года назад

@@nicodarsh it is as natural as infertility.

@-ari-arts-4300 2 года назад

@@rizkyadiyanto7922 what do you mean by that /genq

@spindash64 2 года назад

@@-ari-arts-4300 I think his point is that two daddies don’t make babby, so nothing gets passed on

@icarusbinns3156 2 года назад

@@spindash64 male swan couples will find a female, mate with her, then chase her away from the eggs so the pair can be happy dads to the cygnets. And it’s been found, in some penguins, a female couple will find a male couple, and then the girls will give one of the eggs to the boys. Both couples get to be parents, and they stay with their preferred mate. Which I think is adorable

@hoodio 2 года назад

i absolutely love evolution, it's insane to think that this ALL, billions of different ways to survive and thrive on this planet, happened by sheer coincidence, just beautiful

@daniell1483 2 года назад

Absolutely loved the analysis. I've often wondered how parental care evolved in the first place. Is it something that has always existed? I wouldn't think so, thus it must have developed and changed over time, right? I'd love to see a video on that.

@b.a.erlebacher1139 2 года назад

Parental care has evolved many times, not only in vertebrates. Colonial insects brood and feed their young, and at least some scorpions carry their young on their backs, cutting up insects with their mouths and passing the bits back to feed them.

@jimcrelm9478 2 года назад

I would love to see a video about prehistoric humans and childcare. The concept of the two parent nuclear family was not the norm: it was a lot more communal than that, based on extended family, clans and tribes with childcare being shared among many parents, for the simple reason that the whole of life was like that - it's how we evolved and it was more time-efficient that way when living with extremely scarce resources. Only when property and inheritance started to be a thing, and with it the question of legitimacy, did we end up with an individual man as head of a household. But even a hundred years ago among the poor there was a lot more sharing of responsibilities with grandparents, aunts, uncles and family friends, because people tended to live in the same place for many generations and they had less time and less technology to devote to childcare.

@roys.1889 2 года назад

Maybe having two parents taking care of the offspring doubled he chances of finding food for the young and ensuring the species' survival?

@kellysouter4381 2 года назад

Also works for homo sapiens.

@WanderTheNomad 2 года назад

If that was the case, it would've evolved in the majority of mammal species.

@katherinegilks3880 2 года назад

@@WanderTheNomad No, because it isn’t always advantageous to every species. Plus that isn’t how evolution works. Just because something is advantageous doesn’t mean it will evolve everywhere. Evolution isn’t a logic game.

@WanderTheNomad 2 года назад

@@katherinegilks3880 If the starting conditions are similar enough, then similar features would evolve. I don't see why what OP said would only apply to this species and not the majority of therapsids.

@StuartCullenSvengali 2 года назад

@wanderthenomad Because there is never only one strategy which might confer a selection pressure for genes to spread. It might be advantageous for the offspring to have parental care from both parents, but it can be more advantageous for the genes of the father if he doesn't stick around to focus on one brood. If the father can breed with more partners and create many broods of offspring, his genes may spread more widely.

@stefanostokatlidis4861 2 года назад

I am curious if the species laid eggs and at what stage of development were the young born? Were they well ossified and able to feed themselves? Was is parental care something like protection from creditors, or was it feeding too? Because the species was a herbivore, I suspect that it could feed the young with the first feces to get beneficial bacteria for plant digestion. They were something like the rabbits of the Permian.

@callumkeeley4317 2 года назад

I need protection from my creditors too

@DISTurbedwaffle918 2 года назад

Since the males are bigger and have larger tusks, and the females wouldn't have mammary glands, it may be possible that the male sticks around as a more robust protector while the smaller female is better at sneaking around to forage for food. It might also be possible, hypothetically, that the male and female could have different coloration: the female having coloration oriented towards camouflage and the male having coloration oriented towards displaying for females and frightening predators.

@dragonrider4994 2 года назад

You guys should've posted this on fathers day

@Kholdaimon 2 года назад

The Oldest Dad ever found? Imagine the Dad-jokes it could tell!!

@samwill7259 2 года назад

They look like such cute, cuddly little boys. and so responsible and parental too?! Ahhh!~ Perfect animals, 100% perfect.

@Mackeson3 2 года назад

Parental care amongst some species of birds is quite intriguing too. The French Partridge for instance. The female lays 2 clutches of eggs in 2 separate nests. She incubates one clutch whilst her mate incubates the other.

@firefrog101 2 года назад

Glad to see another upload. Ancient therapsid groups are so interesting and mysterious and aren't as well known as the dinosaurs, so it's really cool to see you cover evidence of parenting behaviors in diictodon burrows from that long ago. PS today's episode's host is stunning.

@des8893 2 года назад

This entire episode was a nice, if only temporary, distraction from these depressing times.

@leeleaman8057 2 года назад

Loving the new podcast :) And the latest episodes are awesome! Thank you for sharing

@earth5853 2 года назад

Can you please do a video about elephant evolution?

@lalalazarus 2 года назад

Yes!

@ErwinDZ 2 года назад

I just wanted to say that your podcast is such a great addition to the channel, quality content, engaging subjects, please keep it up, I’m hungry for more 😄

@MaryAnnNytowl 2 года назад

A fascinating peek into the past that shows things weren't so different from now. Thanks, Eons!

@MagicianFairy 2 года назад

This woulda been a great dads day video

@ncdmusicinspires 2 года назад

This episode felt so short!!! It was so interesting 😊

@nathanielreeves1705 2 года назад

Love these videos and the channel!

@reapicus557 2 года назад

Y’all are great! Since finding this ch I’ve been listening almost everyday. Learned so much awesome stuff :)

@lessynadel3221 2 года назад

I love your channel! So many new things to learn✨

@desertdarlene 2 года назад

Maybe, since they were egg layers and didn't provide milk, the females simply laid the eggs and left the male to care for the young. It's happened with other egg-laying species.

@Laurasaurus103 2 года назад

You guys do great work! Please discuss the fossilization process, how the minerals work and exchange.

@marcopanzironi6612 2 года назад

Babe, wake up. PBS Eons just posted a new video

@AniFam 2 года назад

Such an interesting video~👍 Thank you for sharing this~

@yeshazion4098 2 года назад

I LOVE YOUR CHANNEL..so jazzed a short of yours came across my feed today. New subby.

@anyascelticcreations 2 года назад

Nice presentation by the host this time. 👍

@antleer2264 2 года назад

even tho the content is out of nowhere.. I still want to watch and listen... in the end i forgot everything this channel taught.

@nickvinsable3798 2 года назад

🤔 . . . Just double checking: did they give live birth OR were they still egg layers? If egg layers, then that would mean they’re similar to certain bird species where females laid their eggs in nests built by males; that if the female is impressed, she’ll make with the male, lay her eggs, & then leave. Didn’t become a xenopsychologist for nothing!

@EASJR1991 2 года назад

More than likely, they probably didn’t give live birth back then. I think that as far as we can tell, live birth is only as old as the last common ancestor of mammals and marsupials.

@NicaremE 2 года назад

I'm no expert or anything, but assuming they are like birds because they lay eggs seems a bit weird, mammals are the only ones who don't lay eggs, while reptiles, birds, fish, and insects all do, and even then, there's the platypus. If eggs were inherent to birds, then yeah maybe, but I'm not gonna assume that, say, a snake behaves like a bird just because they both lay eggs.

@nickvinsable3798 2 года назад

They’re technically not birds, @@NicaremE. The best term is reptomammals: reptiles with mammalian traits. What I was expressing was, at the very least, a theory based on what we do know & such…

@pierogiuffra9015 2 года назад

Very good one, one of my favs so far

@Denny_Boi Год назад

Shout out to Kimberleigh Tommy, the writer of this episode. She's a well renowned curator at the Cradle of Humankind in South Africa.

@JohnFleshman 2 года назад

Ok the new presenter is very good at the job! Soothing voice and very easy to listen to and understand! Cool Story with lots of interesting facts too.

@ruyfernandez 2 года назад

Hey, one of the authirs of the paper you presented is Julien Benoit! I know him! He showed the Wits University fossil collection last week. There were a bunch of Diictodon fossils, so much that he said they were probably never gping to study most of them, and if I wanted to cut into some of them for my own study I could go ahead no problem.

@Dragrath1 2 года назад

Question do they know for sure that the larger tusked individuals are male and not just a species like eagles where females are larger than males or where aggression is primarily between females like Hyenas etc.

@dorongrossman-naples9207 2 года назад

You describe examples of sexual dimorphism in Diictodon, but how do you know which of the sexes was male and which female?

@elh305 2 года назад

2:48 Just hang on for less than two minutes..👍🏼

@dorongrossman-naples9207 2 года назад

@@elh305 You should work on your reading comprehension.

@helmaschine1885 2 года назад

@@dorongrossman-naples9207 Wow. You just had to insult someone trying to help you? You're not impressing anyone.

@dorongrossman-naples9207 2 года назад

@@helmaschine1885 I'm not insulting anyone and I'm not trying to impress anyone, either. They just didn't understand what I was asking.

@katherinegilks3880 2 года назад

@@dorongrossman-naples9207 Eons are science communicators, not scientists. They don’t know any more than what they presented in the video. Check the sources that they presented and you will probably get more information, albeit not as pared down for non-scientists.

@davidt3563 2 года назад

Didn't even know these things existed! Those renders were darn cute too lol.

@happybalint 2 года назад

Even today there are several fathers in the animals kingdom, such as rheas, glass frogs and seahorses. It's refreshing to see the roles switched for a change.

@icarusunited 2 года назад

Indeed, it's rare for a reason, but, uh, life finds a way.

@richardorta8960 2 года назад

could their tusks be used to dig the burrows not fighting?

@Rockydoglover 2 года назад

I did an internship at a lab where that synchrotron they used is in France 😄 v cool

@jonutsthedanklordpayton 2 года назад

Hey great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great great (repeat a million times) grandad!

@savorymarshmallows 2 года назад

Michelle is so, so good at this. They've been a great addition to the show.

@mataichi14 2 года назад

I have never heard of diicodon before now but now that I have seen them I'm sad they are not around still. They were as cute as kittens.

@kuitaranheatmorus9932 2 года назад

This was very awesome

@Nandofer6189 2 года назад

I thought my man was doing the video, I was excited 😔

@TragoudistrosMPH 2 года назад

Male gharials take care young juveniles. Archosaurs are often interesting parents

@Iknowknow112 2 года назад

new children's book: "Diictodon has 2 Dads"

@PaigeMEaton 2 года назад

My first thought was to show this to my dad :)

@LegoCookieDoggie 2 года назад

I wish there were description on what species of mammal they were showing for the paternal care segment

@pe4958 2 года назад

This video makes me wanna give my dad a big hug and a much better father's day gift this year...just sayin'

@Bak1922 2 года назад

Let's hope this father didn't just go "alright ima head out" and just left for a day leaving his children

@YAContinental 2 года назад

It’s just like my dad left me to get the milk

@mattparker7932 2 года назад

They used my joke! Awesome! I was proud of it!

@erlkoenig505 2 года назад

Two questions out of curiosity: Do we know for sure whether the specimens assigned to "male" and "female" Diictodons really belong to the same species? And do we know for sure that the smaller specimens without tusks wete femeles, e. g. because of eggs within their skeletons? After all, the male is not always the bigger sex.

@caviramus0993 2 года назад

Such structures usually exist in males since females have more costly reproductive organs, so males utilize this "surplus" to develop such features

@fallinglikeikarus 2 года назад

Fossils are like paintings or other pieces of art. They just casually existed back then but now they create the path for the future

@kiancuratolo903 2 года назад

I start catching the mysteries of deep time podcast when I go on walks and I absolutely love it, I'm all caught up now.

@egw9305 2 года назад

I was wondering if you could do an episode on hummingbirds? Why are they only found in the Amercias? Did their extreme adaptations appear before in evolution?

@blucenere 2 года назад

Please check aquarium fish parental care: Apistogramma, Symphysodon discus, Dario Dario, Betta splendens, Gasterosteus aculeatus, sea horses... to see how parental care is common in fishes too, with a number of instances where the father takes unique care of the fry

@icarusunited 2 года назад

I like how this video went through several different names.

@f1rehawk99 2 года назад

You missed the perfect opportunity to release this on Father’s Day

@brittanyw.2928 Год назад

That's gotta be the cutest dino ever!! Adorable dads for the win!

@DLCS-2 2 года назад

He is the one who started with the Dad jokes

@TheCatsofVanRaptor 2 года назад

The joke at the end was Gold

@jonvelz4170 2 года назад

I love science so much ! Diictodon really was a such a fascinating ancestor

@anomalapithecus 2 года назад

"try a lil bite" :)

@CwL-1984 2 года назад

awesome 👍👍

@ef1876 2 года назад

I’d love to see a video about teethed whales (like the livyatin melvillei) I think you’ve touched on it in previous videos but it would be awesome to see in more depth

@gdelacerda 2 года назад

Perfect! 👏🏻🔥

@jtmcgee 2 года назад

do you think you will do long form podcasts in the future?

@ivanvalentin7713 2 года назад

Imagine the jokes he'd tell....if only we could speak with it, the wit of ancients. How wistful

@ramshacklealex7772 2 года назад

Wasn't expecting my weekly dose of Eons to taste this bittersweet

@jflem1897 2 года назад

Oldest dad known who DID NOT go buy milk at the store and abandoned his kids. So many civilized guys should learn from these guys :(

@joshke335 2 года назад

It's so sad that we never got to meet these animals alive.

@kevincotterell3644 2 года назад

Maybe a situation like emus and other birds where the female leaves the eggs for the male to raise?

@LukeVilent 2 года назад

Did they also find fossilized dad jokes?

@phionella7 2 года назад

Ok try a lil bite (trilobite) That was pretty cute

@mattparker7932 2 года назад

Thanks! I was proud of it!

@kendall658 2 года назад

Sending this to my dad on father's day

@agustinelric2909 Год назад

Shout out to Colton, taking the place of the missed and dear Steve!

@M4xFr4gg 2 года назад

One explanation I missed is: how do we know, which of the sexual dimorphic bodyplans does represent the males and which one the females?

@benwest9004 2 года назад

Exactly

@Gray-Wolf 2 года назад

So this is what all Dad's evolved from

@tinamclaughlin1991 2 года назад

Happy Father's Day for supporting the mammal species into this current day!

@ryanmendoza1496 2 года назад

wait they could find a dad from the dino age but they cant find mine?

@ryanmendoza1496 2 года назад

@Gi Gi yea that’s true. You must of done a lot of research to give a clarity from your dad leaving Gg easy no re

@darthmaul216 2 года назад

Look behind you

@eliletts8149 2 года назад

Just in time for Father's Day!

@farkasmactavish 2 года назад

Man, if you'd just waited 24 days, this would've come out on Father's Day.

@clydebalcom3679 2 года назад

Just daddys taking care of the family. The female was probably out foraging.

@promiscuous5761 2 года назад

Thank you.

@vickiatabi4235 Год назад

Bravo!!!

@keltan 2 года назад

If anyone hasn’t yet started the podcast I can’t recommend it enough. It’s actually just as good as the videos. Maybe better, just because I prefer podcasts

@angelahoffman119 2 года назад

I love Eons. Hank, Kallie and Blake are so great!

@Galaxia7 2 года назад

I think the predominance of female only parental care in mammals only arrived after the development of milk. Since only one parent now had the main source of food for the babies it became less essential for males to care for their young in many mammals species. Synapsids and proto-mammals might have shared parental care like non avian donosaurs did and birds do, since either one could provide the food while the other stayed in the burrow for protection.