Mysterious knobs at Ancient Megalithic Sites - Molded / Cast or Quarried? 

Tina, I like your logic, practical and no-nonsense approach to our worlds mysteries. You are a gem amongst all the rubble!

Probably the most in depth, believable and most accurate explanation for this mystery I have ever heard.

As a dental technician I've done a lot of castings where resin has been forced into a mother mould to accurately form around existing gums, teeth, etc. The mould would be prepared with air vents at points where resin needed to be forced in areas that would normally create air bubble. Tina, perhaps the slumpy type blocks were formed by material poured into bag-like moulds where holes were left at points where material, as it was compressed from the top (or some pour point), would squeeze out of the vent holes, as the material slumps into position around the existing blocks. Maybe the material was quite quick setting as there was limited time to remove the mould then remove all the knobs and could also account for the unfinished screeding work on some blocks.

This is the best coverage on the megalithic knobs that I've seen. Thanks.

The best video i have seen regarding those knobs! Love Your channel!

amazing overview. Well done on summarizing all this information Tina!

As a little boy I used to go on holidays to my grandmother's. It's been more than half a century. Downstairs, where my grandmother lived, there was a bakery. They baked buns that were chubby and the same as the stones in Saxahumana that I saw in their photo in the magazine. I couldn't read yet, there was no internet, and back then there wasn't much talk about Saxahuman. But my child's brain at that time was not influenced by the already mentioned widespread media, he assessed that the stone in Saxahuman is like buns in a bakery and must have been in a plastic state like dough.I still think about it today

What a fascinating video. Makes you wonder what future archaeologists will be puzzled by.

The great rigor of this analysis should provide the definitive explanation of the mechanics which produced these knobs. Consider that only in the 21st century do they think they have the formula for Roman concrete. It is certainly plausible there were sophisticated methods in use in many places which we have yet to engineer for ourselves. Thank you again, Tina. You are a bright light of reason and talented explanation. Your clarity shines.

In the UK we call them "nubs ", because "knob" has a very different meaning 😂

Tina Tina Tina, again, your extensive research is mind blowing. Having worked with concrete, in my younger years, what you say about slump is spot on. When pouring concrete in the Refineries, we would perform a 'Slump Test' before each pour. The concrete temperature was also measured. Also, your theory of the different types of knobs is a first, and it makes sense. However, I would truly love to see this theory applied in a real situation. Love you mind 🥰🤔

Brilliant analysis Tina! I have no doubt you've solved one of the ancient building mysteries. Your education in architecture brings a level of professionalism not often seen in ancient mysteries channels. Have you thought about doing a video on the architecture of predynastic Egypt or the long lost Labyrinth under the Giza plateau? Ken S.

Best analysis yet

As always, amazing content! Thanks

I was surprised at the professional approach taken here. Many go sort of crazy in speculation…nice work.

Good video. I couldn't help laughing at the constant mention of knobs. Some seem to be for beams. I do wonder why they'd have left them on the stones if they weren't for some purpose afterwards when the rest of the stones are so perfect.

Great presentation..your ideas make sense...thx for sharing😊

Finally, someone who can pronounce 'polygonal' correctly. THANK YOU!

Tina, I believe you are spot on in how these stones were made. There is a book written by Joseph Davidovits that deals with geopolymers and their chemical composition. He analyzes some of the ancient stones and finds that some of the shells are randomly mixed around. If the stones had been quarried, the shells would have settled flat in layers while the stones were being naturally formed. Randomly mixed up shells points to being cast. Thanks for posting this video, it's an accurate one.

Given the large amount of work required to split a quarried stone, only to reface the whole thing to leave a small knob, it seems unlikely that the effort would be worth it. The cast block theory makes a lot of sense as these knobs would be simple holes in the mold. Perhaps left there to allow fluid drainage as the mixture set. I find it extraordinary that so called experts refuse to accept that cast blocks were used in ancient construction. Instead they just declare that unknown quarrying techniques must be the answer.

Very interesting ideas. I didn't realize that you were such an expert on knobs, Tina. 😜LOL I look forward to your next video. Chris. x

Best explanation on knobs so far👍 expecially those once in Sacsayhuamán👍

One thing, suppose that all of the large stones were poured, basalt is a very hard stone to liquify the stone it would have to been ground up into a powder, then reconstituted. In modern concrete. Lime is used. It helps to bind the sand and rock. It also helps to pull the water and moisture away. We use gravel and sand for our concrete. We crush rock with a crusher then screen the rock and classify it into sized material. Sand, 3/8 chip stone, 3/4” crushed rock, and the oversized rock recycles back into the crusher. Of course the fines are 1//16” or less. Then the 3/8” materials are used for chip seals on roads, the other aggregate are used for driveways and sand. Some are brought to the cement batch plant. All of this is done with heavy equipment and big trucks. The size of so many of the stones used. Still would have required a huge amount of equipment and man power. And the other notion that the people credited with building these structures would not have had rope strong enough to lift them up, has also been proven. So that brings us back to the question who and when? Thanks for sharing your thoughts on this. You are always a thought provoking person and I do appreciate your content.

Once I saw the title knobs from your channel, I had to watch it. Like always I’m blown away from the quality. Thank you 😊 ❤

Interesting theory and well presented too, subscribed! Love the calm and rational tone.

This is very little😊, but I feel like giving you something back for taking the time to create these intriguing videos. I have enjoyed them all. Thank you, Tina！

You are the TRUTH. I always get more than I expected and leave saying I never looked at it from that point. Brilliant ❤❤

Excellent work again! You really have studied the details to find out the mystery. Genius!👏🏻

Tina I find this very interesting, its probably the best explanation I've heard to date, thanks for putting the work in for armchair enthusiasts like myself. x

Wow, this is the best video on this subject that I have seen. Good work!

Yeah! New video. I love your channel!

The stones with the knobs are andesite and granite, not concrete. Both andesite and granite are high in quartz, making it a good carrier of electromagnetic energy. I suspect an inductive tuning device that softened these materials caused the knobs. Apparently it was circular at the end, which makes sense for creating a standing waveform inside the rock that cancelled the rock's magnetic field making it malleable.

I recall your previous episode on these strange “knobs” or “bosses” are seen at many megalithic sites around the world. The exterior walls with knobs seem to be randomly placed, at least the type I saw in Egypt. It is quite puzzling, and your videos pose many interesting questions and descriptions.

first time here and left a sub, good content!

Best Lecture on knobs i have ever seen !

That's the most cogently constructed argument for the casting of megalithic blocks that I have yet seen. Very well done.

Bravo Tina! Once again your logic, research and deductive reasoning is top tier! 👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾👏🏾

Another fantastic video, thank you Tina! Your channel, alongside Paul Cook's one, are my two top ones on ancient mysteries. Paul finds and notices things that no one else does but he can be chaotic and rambling (sorry Paul if you are reading this, but that's the truth:D ) whereas you are so refreshingly meticulous, clear cut and logical. A joy! And I love how you draw parallels to modern engineering and architectural practices, so we get to learn about those too. Thanks again xx

Well done, good to see you still going strong!

Until this video I had pretty much dismissed the idea that these stones were cast of shaped and molded in place. Now it is perfectly obvious and answers many other questions about their construction. The only question I have now is... How the hell did they do it? It appears we have an advanced technology that disappeared when the people who used it disappeared.

Great analysis and convincing conclusions. As always. Good work.👍

As always your analysis is exceptional. Your use of illustrative photos is also supporting. This is really a complex and not consistent topic. Rock vs “concrete”. Today we have expert geologists tell us that these stone walls are true stone, not some concrete like material. And yet as recently a 150 years ago expert geologists told us that many Roman constructs were stone, not “Roman concrete” as we know it today. They even came up with the approximate formula for Roman concrete. I personally lean to the “cast not cut” school. Simply because of the appearance you point to. Now the protuberances, since “knob” gets a few of my fellow viewers all worked up….. Some as you indicate are riggers hard points. Either to lift the block they are on, or as hard points for lifting some item below. A third possibility presents. Lost function. If there is indeed a lost civilization(s) with advanced but diminished “lost technology” as many suggest, then the bumps may simply be stylistic rather than functional. A good example of this comes from the field of firearms of the early 20th century. The C-96 Mauser pistol was quite popular. Especially in what we call today third world countries. Countries without a sophisticated arms industry but talented metal workers. I’m some cases these metalworks set out to make copies of the C-96. But they were neither shooters or gun smiths. So the elaborate tangent rear sight of the C-96 with its many small parts was simply reproduced in general outline only. The reproductions are not adjustable nor do they really function as a rear sight. One could say they are symbolic sights at best. I’m a few cases the C-96 standings were reproduced. The MauseR banner was reproduced as WauseR on a few examples. Indicating no understanding of written English, but a possible belief that this “mark” was spiritually necessary for the piece to function. Rifling inside the barrels was also variable or completely optional. And yet most such examples are functional to some degree. So could all these stone structures actually be the product of much older high technology, still functional for the purpose, but with only vestiges of some largely forgotten architecture? I don’t know. There is no “proof” per se. Only speculation. Keep up the good work Tina! You may be right. You may be wrong. But your always entertaining and interesting! Until next time! Fox out

This video taught me so much about knob's, the 4 types of knob, bulging knobs and huge old knobs, I can't wait for more of your informative uploads.

Mystery solved, excellent work Tina! 👍

Your Video's & Research are very good!!

Very clear and convencing explanations. Tina, you are very practical and logical .

Great analysis as usual!

Great video

Excellent video, thank you x

Thanks for that video. This is the best on that theme if have seen so far. This is real science. Great

Great work!

Love your work Tina.

Excellent thinking

Thank you again for sharing your insights and inquisitive thoughts filled videos always !! Scientific and intelligent thought provoking hypotheses and analyses !! Excellent !! Greetings from California … I wish you and folks good health , success and happiness !! Much Love ✌️😎💕

A very wise conclusion for these knobs. When we use reason rather than speculation a more reasonable conclusion is reached.

Using electrical currents, the growth of crystals that provide structural support to the geopolymer conglomerate can be forced. The accelerated growth of the crystal is what causes the hardening of the artificial rock. In the analysis of saqsaywaman stones carried out a few years ago, a Russian company found these fast-growing crystals, which are completely different from those that appear in natural rocks and which are in the quarry, just a few meters away. To force this growth, an anode and a cathode must be induced in the rock mass and removed when the crystals have grown and the rock already has an adequate consistency. These 2 electrical terminals must be submerged and adhered to the dough and when removed they would form a thread, like melted cheese on pizza. That machine exists today, but has very limited use. Good video and better analysis. Greetings from Spain.

Excellent best theory I’ve seen yet thanks for sharing.

Best explanation so far. Considering similarities in Egypt, Central America and other disparate places, one concludes the widespread ability to melt quartz laden granite and other extremely hard stone has been obfuscated. How is it no process artifact remains? Also, the dimensional accuracy and surface perfection of ancient orthogonal shapes is unexplained. Some hypothesize that quartz emits energy under pressure, but conclude the Egyptians were not the authors of this unknown method of liquifying ultra hard materials.

Excellent analysis and theories!

Hey Tina😊 Definitely moldable "rock" techniques, Like so many other Unsolved mysteries, Lost ancient technology is the common thread. You are awesome. ⛱️🙏👍😊 Hope you are enjoying your spring time!!

Best looking "knobs" on youtube. :)

Thank you so much. I will now look at these ancient sites with new eyes.

Picking things apart is why I like your channel.

Thank you !!!

this seems like a very good explanation

Thanks for doing it easy. God bless you ❤

This is great research ❤ These knubs have eluded so many researchers for many years. I believe that they were created for both functional and aesthetic purposes. I don't believe that such pre-Columbian peoples had technology which melted stone, but I do believe that this technique is an ancient geopolymer. For two reasons, firstly the energy required to melt stone is serious, secondly if one looks at such sites utilising this technique one would see that practically every block looks similar in colour and consistency. Here in Ireland and Scotland we have ancient vitrified forts called Raths. This stone walls have been subjected to such an intensive heat that stones have changed to glass.

nie hao ! great content !

Thank you 💐🙂

2:27 😲 i did not expect that!!

I love your logic. I have a high IQ and love to study and question. Usually, I have to determine how much makes sense and how much doesn't. This includes many archaeologists who refuse to consider ideas outside of their education. Your logic is perfect. You explain what is true, what is false and why this is the case. When you can't explain why, you aren't using logical deduction. Casting of the stones makes sense. The Romans made long lasting cement that was better than modern cement for many centuries. Modern scientists did finally determine that they used lime and ash in their cement. The ash prevented cracking and the lime reduced shrinking. I do have to question whether geologists have studied the blocks to determine whether they are a type of stone or a form of concrete. I would believe that, at some point, geologists did study the stones to determine their composition. I do believe that there was an advanced civilization prior to the beginning of the current deglaciation. There is too much evidence that this was the case. We know what remains and, logically, we know that everything except stone would have disintegrated in under 1,000 years. Since the deglaciation began approximately 11,000 years ago, that is plenty of time for everything to be gone except stone. Thanks. Subscribed.

I could imagine some uncentered knobs as tipping handles but, other than the Roman and Greek ones, most really don't seem intended for lifting or tipping purposes.

Excellent, the knobs are like symptoms or indicators of an entire long-lost industrial infrastructure, another element of which is advanced lifting technology. Ropes may have been used in some instances but all indications are that said infrastructure possessed tools to lift and place blocks weighing several hundred tons with ease.

Agree with everything, came to same conclusion a while ago.

Fascinating

Even with the pre-dynastic Egyptians there is some evidence of 'softened rock'. For me this is the only explanation for how they did certain things in stone.. and thanks again Tina for another great vid!

Brilliant and fascinating work Tina ! MJF, PhD.

I agree with your thesis, casting these stones on site would make construction so much easier. Well done 👏 Tina

Well done.

Thank you! Excellent as always!! I saw a photo of some "Inca" stone that was broken in half, surprise, surprise... The interior stone was not the same as the outside! It was a stone with a layer of geopolymer.

Thank you 🙏🏻

Good conclusions 🙂

Tina, congratulations for the channel and the explanations. I arrived a few days from Indonesia and was amazed at what I saw in temples like Borobodur and Prambanam. As for the Knobs, I always thought they were leftovers from an extrusion process. like a tip left by the possible machine.

Tina, I have injection molding experience and the nobs look like runners that inject polymer into the mold from the extruder. It's not a result of suction but injection into a mold. Runners can be cut in a variety of shapes, as full round, parabolic, trapezoid, wide trapezoid, half round, and quarter round. Full round is the most efficient runner shape. It has the lowest pressure drop over the same volume of material.

I long ago thought these "stones" were poured on site. It explains the almost perfect seams. I guess it was some superior type of concrete. Great video. Love the logical approach. Thanks.

👍 Nice job as always. It looks like some of the bulging block walls could have been cast in bags of some kind and the lower knobs being where there were holes in the bags and the polymer was escaping and so forth. The bad thing is, we'll most likely never know for sure just who did this work and how. I still think that the elongated skull culture could manipulate the elements and yes, even levitate stone.

Often the simplest, most obvious solutions are the hardest to prove or even perceive. It takes a great analytic mind to distinguish between that which is true or impossible and that which is not. The process that you've described is flawless and your explanation for the indentations and protrusions makes absolute sense. I think that your hypothesis is spot on and I'm convinced that it will be proven sometime in the future. I have said it before: there's much more of a scientist in you than there is in many so-called experts. GREAT WORK, TINA. 👍👏

You’re fun to watch and listen to!!!!😀

brilliant

excellent review.....you say whats others don't..

Great stuff again Tina, I'll add one thing, Bag construction, The nobs may be for expansion Puncturing the bag and the excess is squeezed out like tooth paste from a tube to be broken off when hardened. Also adding timber floors in explanation 4 is easy to spot. Where the timber rubs on the material, over time it would appear to be highly polished. For a future video the use of terrazzo to simulate granite blacks would be interesting 🙏🌻🐝❤️👉💐

To be flexible enough to get the tight joints, any medium would require a form to hold the shape, the blocks have a soft rounded shape looking like a fabric bag, nothing comparable would hold the volume without splitting or collapsing completely

very well deduced

Thanks!

Well done, Tina.

Good vid

Fascinating and compelling as ever. I have always been sceptical about plasticity/geopolymer explanations for these exquisite structures; but the key question is: can there be any alternative rational explanation for their construction? The biggest mystery in preliterate societies is recovering any explanation for why they were constructed and what the builders thought they were building. Anything we do not understand tends to be described as "magical". Before decipherment it was widely believed that Egyptian Hieroglyphs were literally magical writing or spells from the Gods; and if understood would confer magical powers. It must have been a surprise when on translation most of them were quite banal tax decrees or the usual monarchical boasting about proximity to the supernatural.

The cure time would have had to be substantial. The amount of unfinished blocks, compared to the finished area, at the Egyptian pyramid is significant. So many were en-placed, so few finished, and in that case they did not start finishing from the top of the work, either.

Great video as always, and my original takeaway is that these knobs on carved stone were probably far more universal than we thought, as they make lifting ropes far more secure, and crawling around for workers easier... There is so much amazing but simple engineering throughout history.

that's what I think too. I personally think that they were made from burlap sacks, sometimes you can see that they were supported with wooden planks and that concrete already existed before the Greeks and the Romans. just look at cart tracks Malta, this is volcano dust where people fled with horse and cart