Check out the other videos on our evolutionary journey here! Big thanks to Victoria, North 02, Henry The PaleoGuy and Moth Light Media for making this happen. ru-vid.com/group/PLg0eGpMhQp8erZHsbWhvd2t_9YWDpXbJO&jct=nilFZKficRUdhx2Atb5quWlKnNmNEw
Thanks again, I just love your contributions! :-) I think you're exceptional, I find your clips incredibly calming and comforting and refreshingly informative, so adorably free of bs. Your channel is one of the rare highlights of youtube to me. Together with the Bob Ross of Microbiology :-D to be honest.
ZoneofA Does that genuinely factor in? I happen to comment on most of his vids because they are so thought provoking and he is seems like a cool and engaging person. But I will always comment if what you wrote is true!
It does yeah, the main things youtube checks for to decide whether to promote a video is did they click on them thumbnail when they saw it, how long did people watch and did they engage with the video. I have no idea how much it factors though. Just comment if you want to chat lol.
Stefan Milo I can’t imagine there being a vid of yours I watch that doesn’t spark multiple questions and comments ... but if it ever happens I still got you covered (my friends and family would snarkily but unanimously attest that *forcing* myself to have something to say is entirely outside my experience 🤣).
Stefan Milo I actually did have something I wanted to ask you: I have read in passing (and think i saw in one of the collab videos) a claim that at some point in our history something happened that brought our numbers down to a few thousand!? Maybe it’s just because I am a layman on these topics, but that seems like an astounding fact! Any chance you will do a video on the subject (assuming it’s likely to be true)? I am very curious on what were the downstream impacts? Was it why we are the only remaining Hominid? Did it close off evolutionary pathways we had been poised to take (only potentially, of course)? It seems like such an keystone event that the fact I haven’t heard about much makes me think it’s not true or I am just not understanding it correctly. ... erm, hopefully annoyingly long walls of text also count positively ...
Hi Stefan, I just wanted to say how much I appreciate your citations! You are the only history RU-vidr who I have come across to provide a prober reference list and annotations in the video itself
This was great. Edifying and entertainment. I share many of your interests and get your sense of humour. I am very glad you create post videos. Especially now in our current lock down mode. It is getting a bit warm for wearing the hasmat suit just to walk the dog. I must say, I am just a bit miffed at the dirty bastard that gave us simplex two.
@@almightybunny3320 They can even evolve to be very mild, and in that case there's little benefit for the human immune system to fight them. . There are even examples of viruses becoming part of our genome. There's an idea that mammals would be impossible without such an event.
Um, did anyone else notice the term shown on the screen was apparently autocorrected to "public" lice rather than pubic lice? 😄 Still, nice video - very interesting!
i know this is an old video, but just found your channel a few days ago. Are you Canadian by chance? It's nice to see Canadian content that is as good as your channel.
Maybe there’s something in the science for this, but I think those cut marks on the really old bones are from scraping the bone on a large rock or a cave wall, not so much a hand held stone tool
all grains today are grass, but grains didnt exist back then as they do today. todays grains are result of thousands of years of selective breeding. they would probably stumbleupon seeds while eating grasses, but dont think they would be focusing on them as they would be scarce.
I think the time of first clothing was estimated on the basis of body lice. Unclothed had the same all over the hair but clothing produced another evolutionary environment.
I like to imagine the crap ton of species throughout time that didn't happen to leave fossils, or just haven't been discovered yet. It makes me want to know about all of them so much.
When I was a kid in the 19080s/90s the story went that there was basically one line of Australopithecenes with maybe one dead-end branch. And then came early humans, with Neanderthals as a dead-end branch. And then it was just us. The fins in just the last 30 years, plus DNA tech... the way we know so much more now is amazing. And is tied directly to your point: a crap ton of species, some of which just haven't been discovered. Including so many yet to be made of all types of humans & apes.
yes there has gotta be a formula we can come up with based on our best estimates of the number of fossils or artifacts tend to remain versus those which get discovered. i would think it would be generally accurate of unknown species
Way the hell back in 2005 I had a physical anthropology professor, I can't remember the man's name but a memory sticks out in my mind to this day: he unequivically stated that if he could travel back in time to anywhere, it would be around 2 million years ago, when there were actual different species of human/hominid/man-ape/whatever living on Earth-even species of more than one genus... I'm paraphrasing, of course. Those must have been crazy times indeed.
That’s the power of SEX & interbreeding ( between different hominid species) makes the beast stronger by introducing new & better traits from each one....?
I'd want to go back to around 120,000 years ago when there were up to different species of Homo alive: Ourselves Homo Sapiens, Neanderthals, Denisovans (who may even be 2 or 3 different species), Floriensis, Luzonensis, Erectus, Homo Longi, Red Deer Cave Man, an unknown in Asia that interbred with Denisovans known only from DNA fragments, and two unknowns in Africa that interbred with us known only from DNA. Of course in Asia some of the fossils we don't have DNA from may by the unknown that interbred with Denisovans or the other Denisovans (Sunda Denisovans).
@@paulchallenor8675 yeah but how would you travel about in the DeLorean? :-) If you go to California you can't see pretty much 30 different species of people.
True, but I feel like we process them more than Paranthropus would've been able to. If their diet was very grass heavy, then they probably just sat down and chomped some grass. If we find evidence of them using fire though, that might be a different story.
@@StefanMilo It might be that there is a chemical difference between the seeds and the leaves and stems that shows up in the isotopic ratios. I don't know -- it's not my area. It would show up in tooth wear, though, since grasses are full of nasty abrasive crystals. What I really wonder about, though, is the ability to digest the leaves and stems of grass. That would be a problem for anything with plumbing like ours. Nasty as this sounds, it might make more sense for them to eat the poop of zebras or gnus -- some animals do, and it would let the other critters start breaking down the grasses.
The wheat, maize and rice we eat nowadays have been genetically selected by humans in thousands of years. I don’t think the original wild forms were productive enough to constitute a staple for those early hominids. And we can stick to wheat and wheat-like cereals because there were no maize and rice in Africa back then. Also, I don’t see why, just because in the video grasses are given as an “example” of C4 plants, we must assume that there aren’t other C4 ground plants better suited as food for us. Just think of roots. Modern carrots, beetroots, parsnips and so on have wild counterparts. Hominids with hands and some tool can dig up roots and access a food source with a much better nutritional value than mere grass. And roots are just one organ that plants use for storage; there are also bulbs and I guess much more. We would need the opinion of a paleobotanist expert in that particular area and time frame to come up with a better hypothesis.
Also, we’re fish. You can’t exclude say ray-finned fishes are fishes and cœlacanths and lung fishes are fishes as well while we’re not fishes, if you’re being cladistically pure.
@@Purpose_Porpoise Amphibians make up a separate clade, so in this sense, we can’t cladistically be considered as amphibians. Neither, for the same reason, can we be considered monotremes. We could indeed be considered “reptiles” if we considere some of our ancestor as “reptiles”. I don’t know what you mean by “ancient jellyfish”, but it probably doesn’t apply. And I explained why we can be considered as fish. For bacteria, it’s way more complicated, I can’t really explain it with a RU-vid comment.
You're presuming that the only edible parts of grasses are the leaves. Their seeds, tubers/rhizomes/seeds/croms, and pollen grains are more concentrated sources of energy and protein. Look up "chufas," i.e. earth almonds or tiger nuts and cattails.
N: Excellent points, and should be emphasized. Particularly in dryer conditions like plains and savannahs, tubers, roots and stems will hold moisture and store starches! These ancestors may have spent their time digging with tools and pulling up plants.
Diet specialists always have a harder time surviving changing environmental conditions. Humans weren’t; in fact their advantage was being the contrary of this species: the become “the hunters” whose rich diet not only allowed for a bigger and more nutritionally demanding brain but were more adaptable to periods of a given source of type of food scarcity. Even today young children whose diet is nutritionally lacking result in for life cognitive disadvantage or even disability. Our species is notable because we are able to out-run (literally) every other species (not in velocity but in persistence, we kept going, following up and able to dissipate body heat while our preys would eventually whether succumb to exhaustion or overheat). That’s why perspiration and lack of hair (that allows for a better and more efficient loss of heat due to perspiration) is so specialized in humans. Having assured a rich source of food that no other hominid could access to in the same way (other than the incidental awkward occurrence like trapping a little animal or taking advantage of a dead animal whore weren’t still devoured by other carnivores) gave us a hand-in-hand (literally) change of develop complex strategies that no other animals could exploit (we were a social species who had an ample range of communication sounds that could improve hunting strategies or food gathering AND whose upper limbs could be used on an almost unlimited variety of forms to take advantage of environment changes and circumstances and faster tool specialization AND who were also able to use its marathon-like capabilities to abandon whether habitat or dangerous species in a more efficient way and even defend themselves or kill those who may thought that we were an easy prey to eat). Fire made meat even MORE accessible to us than other carnivores as it killed a rage of bacteria and parasites other carnivores had cope with detriment to their changes. Of course we always took advantage of whatever other sources of vegetable food were available , but all kinds of animal source food (including bugs) were in our diet.
There is evidence that Parathropus consumed nutsedge tubers, the present day chufa aka Tigernuts. The advance of brain development may have been due to the tubers high level of oils before higher concentrations of fats and proteins were achieved through meat-eating. Nutcracker Man was actually Tubercrusher Man. As humans we can still achieve full nutrition from plants and insects, another reason we are witnessing the rise of cricket-flour production which has a higher protein value than beef made with little impact on the environment. Thanks, Stefan, for your excellent vid on a fascinating yet rarely considered bit of our human foundational history…>
Thanks! Yeah I was almost hesitant to use a clip of meat as evidence for our high calorie diet because we often over look the humble tuber. There's a big bias in the record because animal bones survive whereas the crusty end of a root doesn't. Thanks for watching!
"The advance of brain development may been due to the tubers high level of oils before higher concentrations of fats and proteins were achieved through meat-eating"....is correct...(THEN very healthy wild meat)
@@StefanMilo I was absolutely about to lay into you about that. Our brains got bigger only after we started using fire and roasting tubers and nuts, not from meat.
Man, I really don’t dig this dietary determinism in this thread lol. I’ve yet to see any reason the expensive tissue hypothesis should be treated as theory and all these debates about diet impacting brain growth assume the expensive tissue hypothesis is correct. There’s no evidence that fire or meat eating or tuber eating actually impacted our intelligence. It’s nearly a “just so” story, something that has plagued evolutionary anth forever.
I am fascinated by prehistoric humans and human evolution. You make some of the best videos that I found on the subject on youtube. Keep it up, great quality work !
6:31 -- _carbon and nitrogen are elements, not isotopes_ The most stable isotope of the element carbon is carbon-12. A superscript "12" needs to be placed in front of the atomic symbol. Also, when using the alternative, more text-friendly spelling, always use a hyphen (C-12, not C12), to avoid confusion (in this case with chlorine, Cl2).
Another great piece of work! I didn’t know about these guys at all - blows my mind too. Also: “Not Cheese” ... +100 I had to pause the video I was laughing so hard at that bit.
This is one of my favorite channels...you can "waffle on" as long as you want! I love the fact that you are open to being wrong...that is how we learn! Watched this and another video about sailing from LA to Hawaii this .morning with my coffee....gotta love RU-vid! Looking forward to your next awesome contribution!
Thanks I really appreciate that. I think posting sources is something more youtube channels should do because we all get our information from somewhere and if we're not honest about where, then it's difficult for others to hold us to account.
Tarter is actually the most powerful thing in allowing us to know what they eat if you can find some teeth that weren't cleaned. By studying the remains of the food in the tarter you can often learn with a fairly high degree of accuracy exactly what they did eat instead of making much more generic statements.
Sagittal crests are so awesome, I've superglued chicken bones to the top of my skull (in appreciation). I don't think it's helping me eat tougher foods. I haven't yet attached any jaw muscles yet. The nurses at the asylum won't let me.
When it comes to diet: saw a lecture from ucla, I think, that groups of modern humans living by the coast of South Africa. It showed the groups liveed on very different diets although living just 10 km apart. Might seem that the more intelligent and advanced we get the more varied lifestyles/culture we get = adjusting to local opportunities?
Yeah different forms of sedges are possible. It depends on whether we think they lived in an aquatic environment or not. As we discover more and more fossils, we may be able to understand where they preferred to live.
Human diet has changed more in the last 100 years, than it did since Paranthropus. Yes, the Agri revolution was a big change, but it was much slower. Another new major player in our diet is sugar.
I discovered your videos not to long ago and as someone who wants to study human history, these videos are amazing. Learning where we came from and all the struggles that came about through history is integral and just cool as hell to be honest. Thank you so much for making these videos
Glad I found your video. I too learned about this species in Paleo-anthropology and it made me want to be an anthropologist for about 2 weeks (then I realized I could never support myself in that field). But I am still fascinated by the huge saggital crest.
I wish i could go back in time 2.2 million years ago when australopithicus, paranthrous and homo habilis were all living at the same time! 3 completely diffrent species in the human family tree.
0:12 "Our origins as apes" ... err, last time I checked, we're STILL APES! Homo Sapien, apparently the smartest animal on the planet, but most don't even know what type of animal they are.
We are a very special animal we are an animal that's also and angel our other ancestors besides neanderthal are angels and those other hominids were said to be apes spliced with angel dna untill the Angels got the the last genetically engineered hominid which is neanderthals but one of the Angels thought these hominids were cool so he had sex with three neanderthal women and made good old homo sapiens
Just curious, and would be thankfull if someone elaborated this to me. Would'n your c13 amount be higher even if you ate just the animals that eat c4 plants aka grasslike plants?
yup. Depending on the study, you may need a combination of isotopes N -- how high on the food chain C -- C4 vs C3 plant diet H -- altitude and latitude Strontium -- old vs young rock where you live and more!
I love how you remind us that what you're saying may not be facts, just what you've found, and that you could be wrong. True science is not absolute. Love this, totally subbed xp
uhm no idiot science is absolute we just constantly inprve our tools and knowledge then tools its scieence is basically just making connections between causes and results that span even far beyonf human senses and what our bodies are able to pick up its just very complicated like you probably dont know how telephones even work and for you its "not absolute" something that is like less than a zero of what theoretically known in science and technologically possible but far to resource demanding to be build or contained you probably or how laws economics medicine everything is the result the laws of physics
Regarding the second question, the isotopic ratios change whenever you have another step away from plants. It's sort of like heavy metal concentrations -- the farther up the food chain you go, the more the heavy metals tend to concentrate.
Yeah so in Victoria's explanation, the part she didn't cover, Nitrogen, can indicate whether you're consuming plants directly or consuming them through eating prey. Boisei and Robustus both consumed them directly. That being said 77% of the diet coming from grasses still leaves 23% from somewhere else. I'm sure they'd have hunted and eaten some meat.
It's nice that you've given references in your videos to back up what you say so people can fact check, so many other content makers do not do this as they know that what they say is questionable at best and a bloody lie at worst. I also like the fact that you bring in experts to explain certain scientific facts which makes your content even more interesting.
I'm a Serb and I have pronounced frontal bossing on my forehead. Should I eat more grasses and less roast pork? I'm confused. Can garlic or alcohol help? Ziveli Zemljak!
hi, i have a (few) small stones that are probably tools from the ice-age or earlier. I have difficulty intepreting them. One of them is 5 cm and has a hole in it,. I guess it was used as a weight for a nett or for making fire, or for carrying and saving fire. Do you have a emailadress or a name i can contact. The stones were found in Germany. Maybe similar stones are found. The other stones just look they are touched by humans.
Mr Verkerk, where do you live? I understand the British Museum regularly has someone scheduled to meet members of the public who can bring in their curiosities for identification and evaluation. Here's an amusing RU-vid video that explains the British Museum's approach: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-s_fkpZSnz2I.html I encourage you to look; the relevant discussion is within the first 5 minutes The American Museum of Natural History in New York has weekend drop in seasons at the Sackler Educational Lab where the public talk to an expert about human evolution, etc. www.amnh.org/calendar/weekend-drop-in-sessions-in-the-sackler-educational-lab You could bring your items and ask the person on duty about them. If neither of those options are viable for you, look for a nearby university with an anthropology department and give it a phone call. You'll find somebody who will look at the items or photos of the items and make a comment.
Thank you, Stefan. Another great video. Funny and informative. I never really looked into genera other than our own. I will definitely look more into Paranthropus!
@@StefanMilo It's something about grass and defecation, based on what little of the Germanic languages I know. I too would relish a translation. It sounds like it could be rather funny.
@@Dumbledore6969x yeah... "facts" :) . Actulaly this ist so sweet when you dont know nothing about origins of life, but you have theory about development of life... and that bunch of hypotesis they call fact :D . You're right, its so cute... like little children play with sand.
Excellent as always. There is at present a rapid evolutionary divergence of home sapiens, the sub culture being Hancockovians! These curious specimens devour vast quantities of fake Internet research (oops did I mention Ancient Architects) sustained by a diet of Big Mac's and Dutch lager, whilst the student diet of pot noodles and Guinness is far more condusive to increased cranial capacity resulting in a higher intellectual development. Comparing your hypothesis that specialist diet may contribute to extinction with an isotopic analysis of student diet compared with bedroom researchers, who need girlfriends, this may well reveal their ultimate fate.....Hancockovians are destined to become Morlocks!
The paranthropine foods were identified via microscopic tooth wear on their teeth - it can distinguish between types of plants - ie fruit based diets /leaf based/ nut based
Your work is absolutely brilliant. Love to watch your mind at work! Your communication skills are outstanding. Thanks again for this most worthy production. #3 for me in one evening but definitely will be diving into the rest of your creations!
We fought & fuct our way to global supremacy, no shame in winning. If we dont manage to hold on to technology through the next ice age, isolation of populations will likely make the process necessary to repeat.
Wow, I was just doing a google search of Paranthropus just yesterday, and thought Toutube was snooping my search history. But no, just Stefan. Phew! Good video!
Google owns RU-vid and I’m pretty sure they have access to both sets of data without any conspiracies involved:) I just assume my phone and these companies listen in all the time but it’s their loss because my life isn’t that exciting lol.
I actually don't have herpes, I've never had an outbreak of any kind. I think being demisexual has had a lot to do with it. Still, I probably have HPV as I was never given a physical during my teenage years and so I wasn't given the vaccine until I was 20. Which if it is the cancer kind, I think is worse.
Na it's true. If ya stop having sex with gorillas the lice stop getting caught. Plus they are quite rough so not as many hospital visits either. Come to think of it, I don't think it was worth it. Hmmmmm..... But yeah I digress, leave gorillas alone and shaving is a thing of the past.
I first found out about these guys in the early '70s when I was about 5 in the Time-Life book 'Early Man'. They were still called Australopithecus robustus then, but I was fascinated with the beautiful artwork that depicted them in their natural setting and even having fisticuffs with A. africanus. The book is now of course quite out of date, but I would still recommend checking it out for its great examples of palaeoart.
i have similar book like that. the publisher is different in my country but i saw that the original is Time-life lol. i think the title is archaic human (in my native language). i still have it because its a book that my grandmother give to my mother and passed it to me.
I already love this video. Paranthropus is a weird branch of the human tree. i learned they ate lots of grass. that is weird considering they were bipedal and no other hominids ate as much grass. its no wonder they went extinct. My theory is that humans had to become super smart cuz they werent as successful as other primates. basically evolution demanded they became super smart. thats y all the other hominids died off leaving only homo sapiens.
@@tearet741 is that some kind of humor or something? Humans r the smartest on the planet and theyre not aggressive at all. Ur thinking of chimps i think. Humans are more like bonobos although theyre equally related to chimps
@@danm7298 Are you kidding ? Humans are the most agressive species in the planet not even close to smart , and how dare they are more like to bonobos if last are very peaceful species , second absolutely opposite , just turn on your brain dummy
One idea of how humans got so smart is we ate lots of protein (MEAT) to build our large brains. So the seemingly vegan Paranthropus lived on low calorie, low protein food which didn't run away meant they didn't need intelligence much, & couldn't build bigger brains.
Homo Sapiens Sapiens aren't the last species. Homo are the last genus, made up of hybrids of Homo Sapiens-archaic Homo Sapiens, hybrids of Homo Sapiens-Neanderthals, and hybrids of Homo Sapiens-Denisovans.
I'm studying human evolutionary biology in university and I have an exam this Friday on the human lineage, including Paranthropus evolution; I'm sure this video will help me ace it. Thanks Stefan!
Thank you Stefan! You took my mind off the hurricane that's so close to my home here in Florida 🌀😨 Those poor people in the Bahamas tho 💔 What a laugh I got from the whole herpes & pubic lice debacle... I'm definitely leaning toward the naughtier transmission hypothesis...based on modern observations of the homo lineage ;)
Unfortunately, no fossils (yet) of this genus from locations that would support the tremendous distance involved in dispersal to reach North America, South Central Asia, or Australia, the reputed homes of the respective cryptids. 👣
You would have a point if it wasn't for the fact that both microevolution and macroevolution are directly observed in real life and the earth really is billions of years old.
How to find examples of observed micro and macroevolution, in less than 60 seconds: The scientific literature can all be found catalogued online at Google Scholar and PubMed. Step 1) Go to Google Scholar or PubMed. Step 2) Type "evolution" into the search bar. You will find examples of observed evolution, thousands of different evolution experiments, and tens of thousands of science papers on the subject. Step 3) Searching specifically for observed evolution provides millions of results, searching specifically for observed macroevolution provides over 21,000. I have no intentions of linking thousands of different articles for you so I hope you don't mind going to one website and typing words.
