Physiology of Bile : Production, Storage, Reabsorption, Functions : GIT Physiology USMLE Step 1 

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Physiology of Bile : Production, Storage, Reabsorption, Functions : GIT Physiology USMLE Step 1
Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Here's a breakdown of the physiology of bile:
Production: Bile is produced by hepatocytes, the functional cells of the liver. These cells continuously secrete bile into tiny bile canaliculi that merge to form the bile ducts. Bile is composed of water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and phospholipids.
Storage: After production, bile is transported to the gallbladder via the common bile duct. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and electrolytes, and releasing it into the small intestine when food is ingested.
Reabsorption: After bile enters the small intestine, it aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bile salts emulsify large fat droplets into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for pancreatic lipase to act upon. This process allows for more efficient lipid digestion and absorption. After fulfilling its role, bile is partially reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver via the portal vein.
Functions: In addition to aiding in lipid digestion and absorption, bile also plays a role in the elimination of waste products. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, is excreted in bile and gives it its characteristic color. Bile also contains substances that help to neutralize stomach acid as it enters the small intestine, and it aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
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