The Crusades: an Arab Perspective - Revival: The Muslim Response to the Crusades (Episode 2)
The Crusades: An Arab Perspective is a four-part documentary series telling the dramatic story of the crusades seen through Arab eyes, from the seizing of Jerusalem under Pope Urban II in 1099, to its recapture by Salah ad-Din (also known as Saladin), Richard the Lionheart's efforts to regain the city, and the end of the holy wars in 1291. Part one looked at the First Crusade and the conquest of Jerusalem. In part two, we explore the birth of the Muslim revival in the face of the crusades.
By the early 12th century, the crusades had successfully captured not only the holy city of Jerusalem but huge swaths of the Muslim Levant. Islam's third holiest site, the al-Aqsa Mosque, was in the hands of the crusaders.
The Muslim world, a mighty power for the previous four centuries, was shocked by the Christian annexation of large parts of their empire.
With Jerusalem under their control, the crusaders began to build a new system of rule in the lands they had captured.
They expelled many of its original inhabitants, including Muslims, Jews, and eastern Christians, and began to fill Jerusalem with settlers arriving from Western Europe.
"Those people were slaves and vassals and had no rights at all in Europe. When they came to us, their whole life changed when they became landowners. Their social status changed and so did the demographic and social class structure," explains Afaf Sabra, professor of history, Al-Azhar University.
Furthermore, the commanders of the First Crusade, lesser knights from Europe, began to style themselves monarchs in the lands they conquered.
In July 1100, Baldwin of Boulogne, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was crowned Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem.
"With the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the county of Edessa and the Principality of Antioch, expansion into the Arab lands became easier. The new colonial leaders began expanding their realm very easily," says Qassem Abdu Qassem, head of the history department, Zaqaziq University.
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5 окт 2024
