Plants are transformed in so many interesting ways. For example, I worked with a plant line where we would expose the flowers of the plant to a vacuum while dipped in agrobacteria. Later, we would select the seeds from that plant on the media, and about 1 in every 1000 (these plants make a ton of tiny seeds) would actually germinate and survive on the media, and that's how we know we have a transformed seed. :)
What I really love is that they didn’t just focus on the experiment itself but also took the time to explain basic fundamental steps and instruments like why they use the flow hood, etc. very helpful for someone wanting to understand the basics of genetic engineering and biotech!
The patent on Roundup Ready soybeans expired in 2014. It is generic now and open sourced, much cheaper now to the delight of farmers, while still offering the advantage of resistance to glyphosate. Roundup patent expired in 2000. RR2 has been sold for a while, it gives higher yields. RR3 is in the works. Farmers are free to grow the cheaper off patent stuff @ $25 per 50 lb bag per acre or they can spend $50/acre to grow RR2 with higher performance.
NO CONTROLLED , JUST MODIFIED N GROW N TEST ITS YIELD N ABILITY TO HERBACIDE N ETC THTS WHY GMO MAY CARRY UNKNOWN GENE WHICH MIGHT PRODUCE SOMETHINNG WILL HARM US OR BENEFIT US TILL WE TEST IT
If possible please upload videos of how genetically engineered cotton, corn, rice, tomato, potato, etc are made. And thank you for such a amazing explanation.❤👏 Love from india 🇮🇳
I remember while looking at a website of a firm that sells seeds, I was wondering: Why only hybrids here ? Not true, actually, everyone who grows different sorts and hybrids knows that the only reason is to maximise profits of seed growers and make farmers dependent. Very often quality of hybrid plants, say tomatoes, is much worse than that of traditional sorts.
"Hey guys! Let's ban Alcohol!" *Bans Alcohol. Black Market Forms.* "Hey guys! Let's ban drugs!" *Bans Drugs. Black Market Forms.* "Hey guys! Let's ban GMOs! This time there wont be a Black Market!" *Black Market Forms.*
The woman said the soybeans were sterile at the beginning, so how are they getting seeds to market? or are they just researching if the transgenic DNA produces good results or not, with the end game being to select the best one to create a new GMO variety?
She meant that the outside of the seeds had been sterilized, meaning free of bacteria etc. If the growth medium gets colonized by bacteria they will likely hurt or kill the seedlings.
Fascinating! Thank you. I'm still searching to find out how harmful or not if soybeans that are not GM are safe to eat. Is the soybean itself a hybrid made from a scientist in England- ( I forget his name)? So much contradicting information on the soybean, it being beneficial to ones health & not has me so confused. I must say the idea that George Washington Carver used it to make plastic does make both of my eyebrows go uo lol! I just wanted to ask your opinion on the soybean in its natural state - if it has a natural state or was only produced by man. Thank you
Just so we're clear I am not the woman in the video, but I am reasonably knowledgeable on the subject so I'll answer as best I can. Nearly all crops people grow for food differ significantly from their original wild form, what you might call their "natural state". This is because farmers (or professional plant breeders in modern times) purposely pick plants that have characteristics that they think are better. Maybe they produce more/larger seeds or fruit, or are easier to harvest, taste better, grow faster, etc. Over hundreds or thousands of years this results in the plant looking significantly different than its wild ancestor. Exactly how domestic dogs may look very different from wolves even though they're genetically very close and can breed with each other. Does this make the domestic dog "unnatural" or bad? I suppose each person has to answer that question for themselves but I think most people don't see a problem with it. In the case of plants domestication may even make the plant much safer to eat. For instance wild potatoes often contain a toxic chemical called solanine which has been mostly bred out of the potatoes we grow for food. Soybeans have been domesticated for food in China as long as 9000 years ago! Most soybeans (and many other crops) grown as for food today are hybrids. This is just like if you took two breeds of dogs and bred them together to make a hybrid, like a labradoodle! Hybrids often have advantages over pure bred individuals (look up "hybrid vigor") so they are often created in plant breeding as it creates a better crop. As far as making plastics goes, plastics are made out of long chains of carbons. Most plastics are made from petroleum that transformed into crude oil after being trapped under the earth for millions of years, but ultimately it originally came from dead living things (mostly algae and plankton). Bioplastics made from soybeans are made from starch extracted from the seed, which is also made of long chains of carbon. Carbon chains of various lengths are used for all sorts of things in every living thing. They're the basic building blocks of life and there's nothing more natural. You can make plastic out of any starchy plant product, such as corn or potatoes. I'm not a nutritionist so I can't tell you much about the health benefits (or lack of) of soybeans but my impression is they're quite nutritious and along with rice they have been a staple crop in Asia for thousands of years. I won't go into the safety of GM since you specifically asked about non-GM soybeans but if you have concerns about that I'd be happy to delve into that topic too. Never stop learning! :)
How does the plant growth hormone effect humans when they eat soy? After all the science that you know and practice with GMO foods, would you still eat it?
Yes! I have full confidence in technology. Also, plant growth hormone would never have an effect on mammalian physiology? Even the cell structure is completely different..
I'd like to know was the extracted DNA already in the agrobacterium a mix I mean she cutted the beans & put it together with the agrobacterium so I miss the word DNA was the DNA on the culture media filter paper in the next step where she layed the beans on top of it?
It wasn't very clear on this but the transgenic DNA (DNA from a different organism like the herbicide resistance gene used here) is inserted into the agrobacterium at a different stage. This is not shown in the video and is fairly complicated biochemistry but if you're interested in learning how that's done then try googling terms like "plasmid transgene insertion". But yes the DNA was already prepared in the bacteria because that aspect of the transformation is well beyond the scope of this video.
@@BRING_GUNSplease please i am student i need your help can you tell me the herbicide resistance gene from any bacterie or organisim please i need your answers 😢
I don't know a lot if anything about editing genes and such, but if you want to be almost sure where you are inserting the genes you want wouldn't it be better to use crispr?
This technique predates CRISPR. Agrobacterium transformation was developed in the 1980s while CRISPR/Cas9 as a genetic manipulation tool was first being explored around 2012-2013, around the time this video was uploaded. CRISPR is almost certainly a more powerful and precise technique but it's very new and there's still a lot of kinks to work out first so I'm sure the agrobacterium method will stick around for awhile.
@@zugzwang4678 I would imagine it can! I'm a bit out of the loop nowadays with this sort of thing so I don't know the pros and cons of doing so but I'm sure it would be possible to use CRISPR to build a plasmid that could then be inserted with agrobacterium.
@@BRING_GUNS Yeah I started researching some science papers after seeing this, and it seems that crispr-cas9 is indeed a common way that researchers are building their plasmids. They then continue using the agrobacteria method to transport the plasmid into the plants. Super cool stuff, I'm glad you posted this video. Makes it super easy to understand the protocol.
@@BRING_GUNS But, if You want yo edit a gene using CRISPR/Cas tool, probably You also going to need an Agrobacterium in order to insert de vectors with Cas9 and the RNA guide. The other way is a mix reaction between protoplast and the preensabled Cas 9/RNAguide. Sorry for My English.
I’m trynna grow a plant or bacteria or yeast that can produce THCA/CBDA, any tips or ideas on how to? Similar way to how it’s described here with agrobacteria?
Yes. Since the transgenic plant is grown from only cells (or a single cell) that has have the added gene all of the gametes (sex cells) produced by the plant will also have the gene. Thus its offspring can inherit that gene. The final result can be a bit more complicated with dominant and recessive genes, polyploid weirdness etc but generally the whole point of transgenics is to create an organism that can pass on the inserted gene(s).
How they make sure the bacteria that insert gene to the plant was get sterilized after the process done ? If the bacteria still alive can they contaminate wild plant ?? Sorry for bad english
That's a very good question and I am not sure. I do know that the genes that the bacteria normally uses to create galls (tumor-like formations) to feed from have been removed so the bacteria would not be very successful in the wild. Since it cannot create its normal food source it probably would not survive for long outside the lab.
The selective medium contains an antibiotic again Agrobacterium. This antibiotic could be cefotaxime, timentine, vancomicine or carbenicilin (or a mix of this). The video was edited, but usually after the infection and the transfer to the selective medium, the plant tissue is washed with a solution that contains this antibiotic in an especif concentration (cefotaxime 200- 500 mg/L, vancomicine 50 mg/L). After this wash, the plan tissue is cultivated in an selective medium that also contains the antibiotics. After several rounds of culture, the bacteria died. In order to confirm the elimination of the bacteria the scientists can run a PCR with primers especifics for Agrobacterium. This PCR must be negative Sorry for my poor English.
The expression of the gen depends of the promotor of the transcription included in the vector used in the transformation. They could be constitutives or especific promotors: The first one can induce the expression of the gene in all the plant, and the second one only induce the expression in a particular tissue. The scientist can choose the promotor that he wants and put in in the vector.
I don't think she specifies beyond that it's an herbicide. Maybe 2, 4-D or glyphosate. You would use whatever herbicide is resisted by the resistance gene you inserted via the agrobacterium.
venkatesh bantupalli just to be clear I am not the woman in the video, I just reuploaded it. The gene introduced to the plant gives it resistance to an unspecified herbicide. That herbicide is then applied to the leaves of the plant to confirm that the gene has been successfully transferred. If the herbicide doesn't cause damage to the plant then obviously the gene is working, if it does cause damage then it was not successfully inserted. She does not specify which herbicide the gene is resistant to but it doesn't really matter as the process would be the same for any herbicide as long as you could find a gene that provided resistance to it in a species.
Mam I am student of MSc ( botany ) final I want to learn about the mechanism of gene manipulation please guide me about How Extracted DNA insert in another species directly
that is a only gas and cannot use for gene because of weak gravity gene are needs a fully magnetic because if not magnetic the memory in the blood cannot recieve
I hope one day you will become an angel to realise what you and all your colleagues have done and for what?!!! FOR MORE MONEY FOR JUST FEW PEOPLE All the best
It is. Farmers get jailed if they try to save seeds for next season Monsanto has made it clear you gotta buy more seeds or else you're comiting a crime.
Do you know how many lives have been saved through saving plants from disease with mutation? Molecular geneticists are PhDs who spend their life studying the ethics and science of this and all work is replicated and monitored carefully. Nobody becomes a researcher to play around, we do it to impact the world in a beneficial way.
What she means is that it could be detrimental to the healthy growth of the plant. The genetic editing she is doing would not pose any sort of health risk to someone who ate it. Do some research before criticizing professionals who will probably be responsible for keeping your progeny fed when things like climate change, overpopulation, and other human-caused stresses on plants force ever-more genetic engineering to save our food sources. Is that too much for you?
