Have We Finally Found the Source of Dark Energy? 

One of the few astronomy channels I watch on a daily basis Keep up the good work

Thanks for these videos! I’m a 74y/o retired MD, with a lifelong love of math, physics, and esp. astrophysics, and never enough time or energy to study then being general college courses, until now. Your videos inspire and inform me❤❤

If I had known that Astronomy classes were lectured the way you do in your episodes, I would have chosen astronomy as a career.. Beautiful work.

i love how the more we find out about deep space the more questions it raises and the more we realize how little we know

I'm going to have to watch this one a few times to let things sink in! Cheers Alex :)

Always felt like astronomy pages overhype stuff but this one feels just right. Love that it’s trustworthy too just absolutely amazing

Speculation of alternative explanations are always good. We haven't made any real progress in cosmology for a long time, so we need all the speculation we can find and let the ideas compete with one another and compare them with observations.

One more interesting thing that you forgot to mention about Neutron Stars (which almost no one ever makes clear) is that they are almost pure neutrons - hence the name... but where did all the electrons and protons go that were in the star? Well once they get squeezed close enough to each other they combine and become more neutrons.

Wow. Fabulous video. Probably one of the most mind stimulating productions I have seen. Dark energy is the pressure which expands our universe, so I assume that black holes are definitely connected. No one wants to say we may be living in the equilibrium of a gravastar. Amazing concepts.

Dear Alex, I do appreciate your show and the enormous amount of work that you put into each episode. There is one criticism of today’s dialogue when about 1/3rd the way through you talked about “Heat coming from the sun”. Heat is the progression of the vibration of molecules within gas, liquids or solids. The sun lives in a bath of vacuum and therefore heat cannot be emitted from the Sun’s surface. Radiation {eg Infrared EMR} can travel through a vacuum and in turn heats up gases, liquids and solids when it interacts with them on Earth. This is how heating of Earth happens but it is an indirect rather than a direct process. Cheers.

Fascinating!

Alex, you are one of the most precious things in the Universe: An Educator. Thank you for all your work. 🙂

Thank you, Alex! 🌟

There has been so much new info coming out about black holes recently. It's a super exciting time to be intrested in this stuff. And From what I have heard other science channels say, James Webb is just getting started. the last year has been fine tuning it, and now we can get some very intresting data from it!

This video is absolutely fantastic!

Awesome videos with great quality as always say 🌍🌟

Man that music at the beginning, the one with the bells, is haunting and beautiful

Love ASTRUM. For non-scientists; I’ve read it take a million years for a photon to radiate outward from the sun’s center til we see it. If there is some truth, please explain. Thanks. Tom. Poulsbo, Washington

That is either a duck or an extremely dense object mimicking a duck. Everything's funnier when you replace it with a duck, especially a rubber duck wearing a top hat.

I don't know why but I was thinking that every information you said just in the first 30 seconds of the video took Millennia to be discovered and making an astrophisicis of just 100 years ago or less listening to this 30 seconds would completelly blow his mind...

Quick note, betterhelp has done some shady stuff in the past, and I would recommend avoiding them in the future. Love the content here, keep it up!

Man.. glad you posted today. My phone malfunctioned and i lost multiple hours of work yesterday

Great video, very informative and much appreciated

Thanks!

Yes. Expanding black stars which emit expanding dark energy / pushing force❤

Love the format but references would be nice

I'm leaning toward 1 more kind of star, the quark dwarf. (Not necessarily different externally from black hole, but different internally.) Only works if there is quark-degeneracy pressure, and probably only works with neutrons stars close to the neutron-degeneracy limit. Pre-quark neutron star vacuums up gas (interstellar medium) until second collapse. Then quark degeneracy takes over for interior. (An extension of _____'s book, "The Dragon's Egg", where a crustquake and collapse caused a size reduction.) If a collapse is gentle enough, and quark degeneracy exceeds neutron degeneracy, a quarkstar is possible. Still could be invisible, but not nigh-singularity. Just conjecture, though. While I've read of same-quark resistance to touching, I haven't read how close top and bottom quarks get in protons and neutrons.

~ There shouldn't be any confusion about grav. blackholes, e.m. jet streams, or wormholes, because the balance of light energy & gravitational matter determines whether cosmic objects become strictly gravitational black holes, or e.m. jet streams (stars), & anything in between. Along with wormholes which are a equal density balance between both, as well as bound with their corresponding balanced & equilibrated strong & weak forces. ~ The blackhole/jetstream in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is the e.m./grav. finite & mortal signature of our Milky Way Galaxy, which is also bound by it's correspective Strong & Weak Forces as well. ~ In conclusion: The balance & equilibrium of Strong & Weak Forces determine the color, shape, size, & spatial qualities of a grav. blackhole, e.m. jet stream, or a wormhole, in both space & time.

Great video 💪

I once saw a video about someone referring to this theorie, to suggest our universe is inside a black hole. With the edge of the observable universe being the event horizon. Matching the expansion. Pretty cool thought imo

The reason i love learning about the universe because there are so many question that are answered and unanswered. I do believe that we only know 0.1% of what the universe has to offer and there are def things that humans will never discover or find out because our brains cant comprehand it

I’ve been thinking that black holes are just exotic stars (sort of) for years and years, but humans don’t like things that have opposite effects and we can’t wrap our heads around things like this easily.

A GRAVISTAR??? Ouch! I think you just bent my brain. Superb video Alex! 10/10!

Not even two minutes in and i already got an ad man

Every time another Astrum video comes out, I just gravitate to it. This is another excellently presented, mind expanding topic. Astrophysics is getting weirder by the " - - -day, week, month or even year - - -". Are gravistars the universal version of antigravity generators?

The knowledge we get from physics is actual astonishing. I’ll wait for more information before commenting on this

I love your videos

I want to see this channel break 2M subscribers this year!! 💫🙏

I really hope we get more follow up on this. I think that this being a potential answer to dark energy is a very compelling proposal.

Your videos are my bed time stories

So the pressure values falls along a vertical asymptote through ever increasing magnitude negatives to a point of infinity or POI, where infinity and negative infinity are one and the same. The pressure then falls through the POI and down through lower magnitude positives. As a mathematician, I played around with replacing the x and y axes of the Cartesian grid with real projective lines. This replaces the infinite 2D plane with a torus. The outermost ring is y = 0. The central interior ring is y = POI The front most vertical ring is x = 0 The back most vertical ring is x = POI The graph of y = 1/x around x = 0 shows the behavior described above perfectly. While I just thought that this would be fun to play around with, going through a POI and wrapping around bridging positives and negatives was never a feature I thought could be part anything that truly exist. But it would be fascinating to be proven wrong about that.

Here's something I've always figured to probably be way more plausible for black holes than most would reckon, which is... The fact that although they appear infinitely dense due to the fact that they are almost a true singularity, which would be infinitely dense and whatnot, They are not. In fact a rather interesting thing is... that black holes, if you could reach their surface safely without being ripped apart the moment you even got close to the event horizon in the slightest, would be immeasurable bright because of light's inability to escape. Which would also simultaneously make black holes the hottest objects in our universe because of the inability for light to radiate off like a star or stellar remnant. Furthermore, your retinas, would be fried on the spot the moment you even looked up out of the blackhole if they weren't fried the moment you saw the surface of the black hole. Furthermore, a theoretical star that has no real gravity that can be interacted with... although mathematically possible, I'd... reckon in terms of the real world, would be unlikely to ever see. Though on the other hand if we do encounter exotic stars. One such one that although would be more likely possible in an artificial format rather than natural... is a quantum energy star of sorts. A star whose existence is solely attached to quantum mechanics. And whose core would be a black hole potentially, that would also not only be fed by the star, but also feed the star too in the process. Relying on the potential unknowns of quantum mechanics to grow exponentially if not properly contained. Of course it'd be unlikely to see such a star, let alone one with a black hole at it's core in terms of natural ones.

Fantastic 🙏

Very interesting, so, if we follow the naming convention for neutron stars, could a white dwarf then be called an electron star since it's balancing on the electron degeneracy pressure limit?

A member of my astronomy club is an astrophysicist at New Mexico State University here in Las Cruces. He talked about it to me and a couple of other members and said some people just cannot say I do not know, they _have_ fill it in with something. I'm a retired bio/engineer and stayed out of it, we have our own dogmatists with the same problem. It's just funny to me now.

I like this video for the layman. But man. Each sentence it feels deserves its own video

Great content, commenting for the algorithm

Holy cow, this is out of control! The weirder it gets, the farther from the truth you get. Mathematicians have destroyed physics.

I think there's a lot to consider when talking about this, I also think we always look at the basic system we know to explain what we don't, EG: cold is the absence of heat, dark is the absence of light, vacuum is the absence of matter....... Or is it? is there more to this, and the base values are just not measurable in our 3dimensional plane. obviously this will offer so much more debate, and we really done have the space on here to do it? or do we?

My belief is that dark matter appears now in theories because of the absence of allowing using electromagnetic forces to play an active role on and at large scales and distances, the cosmic forbidden force. Gravity and electromagnetism are equally important.

Enjoying Astrum Sleep Space but can never sleep as I’m left wanting more science. Please consider an audio book on astronomy/astrophysics A Walk Through the Universe with Alex McColgan

Great video 10/10

13:40 I'm failing to parse this sentence, can anyone help me please? ‘So far ... the radius of the black hole candidates we _see_ ... is at least approximately equal to their Schwarzschild radius: in some cases, that’s just a rough estimate, _but in others, we’ve calculated that radius to within 40 decimal places.’_ (emph. mine). If I read it as ‘the radius of the black hole candidates we _observe_ in some cases [the "others" in the original sentence] was calculated [based on these observations] to 40 decimals’, it becomes sheer nonsense: nothing has been ever measured to 40 _or more_ decimal accuracy (the 'calculation' implies other inputs, with their own uncertainties), and unlikely will in the next 200 years if at all. The most precise experimental measurement ever made has been the electron's gyromagnetic anomaly _g−2,_ calculated to 10 decimals from a measurement done to whopping 13 decimals. That's in the lab experiment, and all astrophysical observations I'm aware of are a far cry from these. 40, 30, 20, 10, 7 decimals spell nonsense in this context. Additionally, a high-precision measurement consistently yielding the _Schwarzschild_ radius, not Kerr (rotating), even if made to 3 decimals, not 40, would mean that these candidates, if really BHs, are (nearly) non-rotating. We know that newborn neutron stars spin like crazy, exactly what we expect from the law of angular momentum conservation, and there is no reason to believe that a collapse to a BH instead of a NS would not result in the high angular momentum of the BH. We know the Milky Way's SBMH approximate spin, too, and it's definitely non-zero beyond counting any sigmas, despite low accuracy/precision. More to this, GW signatures match rotating BH mergers, where certainty is high enough. None were _definitely_ non-spinning; there were only spinning and "maybe". I wouldn't have missed such a revolutionary discovery paper; it would turn our understanding of a lot of physics on its head, up to questioning the very angular momentum conservation validity. I obviously misreading the sentence, but I cannot understand in any other way, whichever linguistic contortions I try; it's pretty straightforward. Obviously, you can calculate an imaginary, theoretical case to an arbitrary precision, but the statement is clearly about calculations from observational data: 'the radius of the black hole candidates we _see_ ... we’ve calculated ... to within 40 decimal places'. Any help out there translating that for me, please?

Dark energy - the invisible inflating unicorn.

I'm curious how neutron degeneracy pressure is affected/counteracted by centrifugal force generated by the star's spin. If the star at the absolute minimal mass to be a neutron star and was spinning so fast that its surface was moving very quickly, let's say 50% the speed of light, would that reduce the neutron degeneracy pressure enough to "break" it out of being a neutron star?

i would like to know what is the definition of a star... if a neutron star is a star then a black hole should be a type of star as well

I think it’s possible all of these celestial objects exist simultaneously. I think it’s possible objects like Grav-stars can exist, and I think that there could be a variety of different types of what we would consider to be black holes; both the traditional gravitational singularities, and these newer hypothesized “troves of dark energy”. I theorize that it’s due to the lack of precision and advancement with our instruments that makes it difficult to tell what is objectively true or not for certain

I Love "Exotic Stars" am i right fellas

Things get complicated when new things are introduced in the world of physics.

I bet both my testicles that these stars do not exist or never have existed in our universe.

Anything denser than a neutron star will still affect light the same way as a black hole. Or is there a type of particle that can escape?

Interesting topic, but your charisma has all the captivating qualities of a house plant, which, I'm certain, would present it in more engaging manner, if given the opportunity. I could not watch it for more than 4 minutes without falling asleep

When I learned about the large explosions in space that are, seemingly, from nowhere.... and wondered if it could be a dark matter/energy star or maybe a star made of antimatter... going supernova. I don't know enough, however, to know just how ridiculous of an idea that is. 😂

How wonderful is it to hover at the edge of knowledge

My personal challengeable belief is that singularities only exist mathematically.

I have often wondered if dark energy isn't some sort of pulling at the threads of spacetime. Like, what if instead of dark energy pushing at everything to cause it to expand, if instead spacetime was a threadbear sweater, with large sources of gravity pulling at the fabric, causing it to expand and stretch out, giving the appearance that things are being pushed farther away, when instead, space is just being pulled "thinner"

Idk, the way you described gravistars would make them seem quite rare, as you would need extraordinary circumstances to balance the gravity and pressure like that. By just the amount of dark energy there is supposed to be in the universe (it is supposed to comprise up to 70% of everything) I don't think it is plausible that gravistars would make up the bulk of dark energy. Maybe a small portion of it, but certainly not all of it.

An interesting vid idea, since you decided to talk about unrealistic stars, is different colors. I understand why we probably wouldn't be able to see them because blue/red shift, but could they exist? Like a green star for example. When you burn certain elements they can flare up in many colors, so could the same be true for a star that contains an ample amount of differing elements, or would it just cause problems or a collapse?

It's sad that there is so much light pollution that I have to remember the night sky from my childhood or drive 100 miles.

Now.. this may be stupid.. but what are the chances our universe is simply existing inside a developing Gravistar? It would explain the steady expansion rate, along with the tendency to vacuum. The curvature would also make sense. It is also maybe possible that the big bang was the infinity flipping from negative to positive? I don't like the idea, but it's a thought

black holes could be everywhere including where in this video, and be opposite of what we make of them. They could be dense enough that they "gravitate" to a larger dimension size than our own observation... like the view from inside an atom to the concept of a distant molecule. Attraction can be inside and out and beyond this even, getting larger and yet smaller infinitely. It boggles the mind to think bigger or smaller than we do right now, but it has to be possible, it's there even if it isn't. Gr8! Peace ☮💜

I’ve always wanted to see a green star be discovered. I know it’s a very thing wavelength to achieve but I’m sure there has to be at least one in the universe

We have direct radio waves images (let's call them photos) of at least two black holes from the event horizon telescope though. So at least these two have to be real black holes?

Could possibly both versions of extremely dense objects exist in our universe? I am rather fantasising than speculating now, since I have no background in astrophysics: Could that be an explanation for the observed gap in the size of black holes, like: Stellar black holes are "real" black holes, whereas super massive black holes are of the even more exotic type?

Electron degeneracy pressure. A new term for me but I love it, thank you

Astrum : Dark Energy Me : Ah....My type of star....

Since nobody actually studied a black hole, up close, any theory seems valid in this moment.

My theory agree similarly

Planck Stars. These are nature's last-ditch effort to avoid singularities. They get their name from their size: Subatomic. How do they avoid becoming singularities? The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

If you crush neutrons into their subatomic particles (quarks) you end up with energy. If that energy had a negative charge at the core with a band further out where some neutrons might still hold their form or a combination of positively charged substances it sounds like a magnet. So what would cause the neutron (quark) star to have an opposite spin in different layers? the part I could see wrong in your video would be floating in such a star. The magnetic field would shred our atomic structure. Sorry, just thinking in place.

I keep saying it! The universe is infinite!

Black holes are a never ending source of fascination for me. I sometimes wonder if they're behind the creation of the universe in general. Maybe we're inside one right now.

So they saying that they have separated a black light sun and a black hole, nice. Because I've wondered about that with some black holes giving off invisible light or gas but they are supposed to only absorb theoretically

Another theory pertaining to what dark energy might be is parallel universes bumping into each other and being absorbed. Thus the continued acceleration observed in the expansion of the universe…apparently 🤷‍♂️

So black holes are the final arbiters of the fate of the Universe if I've understood that correctly? I'm archiving this video, very precious.

Well, I would think that if a gravistar exerts no gravitational force no matter how close or far you are from it (maybe even touching it or sticking your finger in it), then it can't be a black hole, because black holes exert gravitational force.

Hey Mr. Astrum, what would happen if a large asteroid hit the Moon? I was watching one of your videos on the Moon and all the pockmarks made me wonder what kind of chaos that would cause.

i don't support the notion of it with dark energy, but dark matter, maybe. black holes typically are the center points of galaxies, with the proposed dark matter being responsible for the stars positioning in the galaxy. since the stars are wrapped around black holes, it is logical to think of it as having great influence with DM, sort of like flags being anchored to a pole. the thought of it being a distribution hub for dark matter becomes more realistic when that is accounted for.

I don't know what happens to matter or energy that crosses the event horizon of any object. Black holes, gravistars, or the ingress-end of wormholes are likely not something we can distinguish between through observation alone. Here's a thought... not necessarily scientific or plausible, but maybe... Dark energy is not energy but an emergent property of the universe. As the universe inflates, the contents necessarily occupy a larger volume, so on average the distance between clusters of mass will increase. The filaments that define the structures along which the galaxies and intergalactic gas flow are stretched and the voids defined by where those filaments aren't will continue to expand. The "early" universe was probably comparable to a dense foam with bubbles of higher density around low density pockets. As the the bubbles expanded, the boundaries stretched thin and the low density centers became voids. As the bubbles tore and the voids joined it resembled a sponge. As the inflation continued, the density decreased and now it's more like a luffa, and if the expansion continues accelerating, the filaments will snap and tear. More voids will open up, and this will keep happening, splitting up the remaining lumps until the heat death of the universe.

Fascinating - I’ve heard of gravastars in the past but I didn’t know the slightest about them. If this is true, that they exert exactly zero gravitational pressure, is that *only* at its’ surface, and gravitational pressure exists perhaps further out from the surface of its’ radius? Meaning like any other star, an object would be drawn in by outlying waves of gravity exerted by the system, but *at the surface* the gravitational pressure equalizes? If so, one might think that it would create something that for all intents and purposes APPEARS to be a singularity - (no visible object PASSES the surface) when in actuality these objects become trapped within this “vacuum space”, where their motion is functionally neutralized? Maybe I’m confused by the mechanics at play here

A plausible model of The Great Attractor(s)!

I'm still confused..... why wouldn't sufficiently dense/massive objects have an event horizon? Wouldn't the resulting gravitational effects be strong enough to prevent light from being emitted/escaping if the light is close enough to the object? Wouldn't the distance be an event horizon?

Sounds like a more compelling argument for dark energy than “it just comes from nowhere” to me. Certainly worth more investigation.

I'm not sure from this, it seems to say there are Back holes AND there are Gravastars. Both can look similar but have very different interiors? Of Gravastars form from collapsing stars and negative energy matter (never heard of that before more detail required), then how do black holes get created?

We are told a black hole collapses to a singularity. Nobody asks why it needs to go that far. I believe the object simply has to be massive enough to prevent light escaping. The lump at its centre will be there. You just can’t ever escape its gravity. If you can actually get that fat during the life of the universe. Time stops at the speed of light. Gravity at the event horizon stops light so presumably it stops time as well.

well... black holes do slowly emit radiation and over time diminish in size and weight and density. Last time i heard and checked we have proved hawking radiation but we havent actually detected it. so if every black hole is emitting a form of radiation that we know exists but we havent detected yet, is that not a form of dark energy?

IT would be interesting if a black hole creates dark energy and matter by consuming the matter it takes in, in such a way it separates the matter from the gravity and leaves the gravity behind and we merely call it dark matter/ energy because of this supposition that gravity cannot exist without some kind of matter to exert it and there is actually nothing but the gravity to measure. So instead Black holes are just recycling gravity by stripping the matter from it and that gravity itself is not tied to anything, it is just attracted to mass. We did decide that gravity was not a thing but a byproduct of mass. Maybe we are wrong? Maybe a black hole merely strips away the mass and gravity Is dark matter/ energy? This would also explain that as the universe expands, dark matter and energy are fillings the voids. The reason is there is nothing for it to be attracted to? We assume dark energy is causing the universe to expand, maybe it is because it is gravity without mass to attach to so it expands. Since the universe is getting emptier and emptier the gravity is merely it's own accelerant as it accumulates with no mass and that is also why it is speeding up and everything is expanding away from each other?

Okay, I've been handling the weird things in astronomy so far (I'm 77 yo), but here's my limit. You've finally gone "wonky" with "negative infinity".

another thing to consider, if "space/time" is everywhere, but can be warped by gravity, it's safe to suggest that they are both two forms that could be defined by a manipulable particle or quark. Because that would explain why they can become one thing at a singularity. This would not be in agreements with this theory, because we have the infinite gravity of an object positive pressure equally balanced by infinite space time negative pressure, occupying the same singularity? My point is if it becomes a singularity, it must be made up of something manipulable. Otherwise it cannot be singular in the instance of a black hole. mmm? Also, non of this explains Expansion...... If space/time is manipulable you can't just add more of it, for this theory to work, you would need to keep adding matter in with space time so that a (5th dimensional loop) can add more space time as it all falls in and out of a (Centre black, outer white hole system.)

its not a black hole, or event horizon, think of it like a point where space twists on itself so hard that even a beam of light gets refracted in any direction but your target, there is no way to shine a laser on the event horizon itself.. you cant see it, touch it, or feel it past the gravitational influences it left behind as it disappeared from our observable universe. its easier to visualise on a tv screen as the old line and the weight of an object pulls it down like a fabric, pull on the ball but twist it so the ball is enclosed in a pocket of spacetime, thats what the black hole would look like, from the inside of the terminal point, but that choke point is just where ordinary matter is kicked out at the poles by tidal forces in the twisting of spacetime, stripped down to x-rays and energy, only a black hole which is outside of our spacetime can merge with another black hole, everything else getting close is obliterated by the spacetime being stretched and distorted, a square cube frame made in the earths spacetime will look different if you unfold it in the void of space, and even different around a singularity The observable universe we see is a big bang of a supermassive black hole, or maybe just a regular one, if the fundamental forces condense out at a different rate in compressed spacetime then we could be in a Russian nesting doll type multiverse, black holes inside black holes, all time dilated from eachother with the distances of nothing but a universe between them, all expanding at the speed of light but never able to expand out of our bubbles as even tho it went boom if the info cant travel faster than light then the choke point in space will never know anything happened, so all the gravity in the singularity could get traded for so much energy it expands spacetime infinitely inside its own little bubble that was just a slither around a point in space, the entire observable universe pulled into an area the size of a pinhead. Light taking but a moment to go one side to the other, the universes tick rate would be different, time dilation with that much energy and condensed spacetime means trillions of years can happen in moments, the universe could be expanding at a constant rate its just that C is changing as space expands and light has further to propagate those tick rates are slower, any information passing from one point to the other takes infinitely longer but its time and space that are the ones changing, not so much the expansion rate of the universe.. to us now looking back and taking measurements it might seem like it rapidly expanded and is accelerating but it could be an illusion of space time and light and our understanding of spatial and time dimensions. We are kind of limited, I'm getting a headache just thinking about it while i type it out lol