The joy and enthusiasm are infectious. I'm blessed to live in a time where such excellent content by such formidable people is accessible at my fingertips on the internet. Thank you so much J Richard Gott and The Royal Institution!
One question that I raise to myself every time I watch a lesson in this historical place is WHY the RI doesn't install a monitor on the ground in front of the lecturer, so he/she can avoid having the need to look awkwardly up to his/her back every time he/she wants to follow the slides??!!!??!!
They do have monitors installed , but they are located above the entranceways. However, usually the lecturer is using a laser to point out certain features of the current image, which will require them to face the projection screen. I wish the lecturer would use a mouse pointer so that the people watching online would know what was being pointed too. But having also done AV installs, getting all lecturers to cooperate in that way is a futile battle
Volkzmedizen Hmm? Wrong? ! The Universe is not a big place! When compared to Nothing! Nothing Is the “Biggest Place” and the Universe is nothing when compared to it
@@1SpudderR ....and where exactly is this "nothing" you speak of, Robert? Even so-called empty space is far from empty as we have found out of late... are you speaking of the space between atoms? Maybe a parallel universe?
55rebels Hmm? It seems as though you have not grasped the power of “Nothing!” And it is not for me to inform you...but for U to find out! It is equivalent to experiencing viewing from a mountain top or just looking at a media photo of the same apparent scene! When you Understand great! Then get back to me! Might take you some time getting to the mountain top.
Why do I enjoy learning about the cosmos, while at the same time I feel hopeless when the vastness of the Universe gets on the way, and the staggering time it takes to overcome.
Yes, the ones on there are automatically generated by RU-vid so can be a bit hit and miss. We would love to provide high quality closed captions for all of our videos but with a small team it will take time so bear with us! All of our short form content is subtitled though so hopefully you can find something you enjoy there.
The Royal Institution Thank you for all you do. Could I also please request that the edits be done in a more commonsensical manner? This video isn't the worst offender compared to many of your other videos but I notice that the editor often cuts to the speaker's face just when s/he is making a point about something on the slide displayed. Makes it frustratingly hard to follow what they are talking about and has often ruined (for me) what have otherwise been magnificent lectures. A bonus would be to have a camera trained on the actual screen in the auditorium rather than showing the slides from their PowerPoint file. That way, us plebs on RU-vid could see the speaker's laser pointer :) Thanks in advance for your consideration.
Note something: The seed that created our inflation was concentrated and small. Where did it come from? There must be other such seeds, a few like ours and most totally different, coming into existence continuously in a churning infinite number of "virtual" creations, each creating perhaps an inflation like ours, but mostly something totally different (from us and from each other, of course). Thus, the "multiverse" discussed now is merely a cluster (perhaps infinite, perhaps not) of related universes (by basic physical laws). Most such alternate universes would be based on totally different sets of laws (or something else altogether) in an inconceivable "omniverse" (inconceivable both to our physical laws, to all human philosophies, or to the farthest fringes of human madness). Such an omniverse would have NO LAWS WHATSOEVER (what would enforce them?).
"must" - ryou really ought to try avoiding the word "must" as in "must be other seeds" cos what you really ought to say is "i have no idea, isn't it fascinating". inconceivable !!. inigo: You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means.
@@HarryNicNicholas You are probably correct about the word "must". I get your reference to THE PRINCESS BRIDE, but "inconceivable" is exactly what I meant: Can you imagine a color that you have never seen? Yet you know what colors are and what your eyes tell you about the world. Most of the "omniverse" would be made up of things with no relation at all to anything whatsoever in our universe so we would not be able to imagine or even detect them. How can such a thing have rules? Who or what would enforce them? We cannot even say how entanglement works or where the truly random numbers that quantum mechanics shows come from (note that while they are truly random, they stay within the ranges calculated by QM equations). How do they know from test to test how to spread themselves out in a bell-shaped-curve or whatever the distribution is? They have to have some ability to "remember" what the previous values have been (next values will be?) or all formulae would give the same distribution all of the time. And this is using known formulae about things we can see for ourselves. Anything else would be beyond our imagination...
Ok, so I get how we can tell there is a lot of mass in distant clusters of galaxies, now how did we come to the conclusion this mass is not made of protons and neutrons is somewhat missing here...
I bought a piece of land for investment a new years ago. Can I sell it to a resident of another galaxy with a profit in a few hundred years from now? It is in a good location.
I'm not from the US, so sorry for the silly question, but is he from the southern states? He has an interesting accent, with those long diphthongs at the end of his words!
Ma An wikipedia says he is from Louisville KY, so yes. "By"s "why"s "high"s and "time"s are very telling. Also the music in his speech -the "drone"- is typical. He sounds like a senator from the South.
By your own logic, Texas is part of the South, because it joined the Confederacy. Of course, it really depends on your definitions, but by many definitions, it is part of the South.
In physical cosmology, galaxy filaments (subtypes: supercluster complexes, galaxy walls, and galaxy sheets)[1][2] are the largest known structures in the universe. They are massive, thread-like formations, with a typical length of 50 to 80 megaparsecs h−1 (or of the order of 200 to 500 million light-years) that form the boundaries between large voids in the universe.[3] Filaments consist of gravitationally bound galaxies. Parts wherein many galaxies are very close to one another (in cosmic terms) are called superclusters.
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. It describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries gravitational force. Thus string theory is a theory of quantum gravity.
This is true nonsense! If there was SUCH a Big Bang the density of matter would NOT be the same at the core as the outer shell, assuming one kind of force. It would be far denser at the outer shell of your BANG and nearly empty at the emptying core. All matter is equally affected with only minor fluctuations, so that all MATTER is equally flung outward. If you add Gravity as a moderating device, then outward speed would be slowing! Utter NONSENSE!
I think that you have a wrong conceptual idea of the big bang. The big bang is not an explosion of any sort; instead space itself is expanding on every point. Best analogy I could offer is the balloon that expands (however this is only a surface (2D) instead of space itself, which expands). You may have meant it sarcastically and than I have fallen for it, if not, I think it is important to properly understand the science discussed. The big bang/inflation is not a force which pushes matter away, instead it is the expansion of space itself. Following the logic of spacial inflation we would see only minor fluctuations of matter and no large differences in density. If this doesn't make sense or you dissagree, I would gladly have a more indepth talk about this (I am however, not a physicist nor studying space).
And I should actually understand the mystical MAGIC of the Universe as well,...but you know, since there is NO evidence to either lines of bullocks, I'll sit here on the sidelines for FACTS to come trundling by! I recommend this course,..if YOU ever expect to learn anything! (and not clutter your mind with gibberish.)
As several commenters have noted below, the availability of such amazing science lectures on RU-vid is wonderful for humanity. However, in my more cynical moments I can't help but think that those who watch these videos are already members of the choir.
when people say i have a big brain i tell them a lot of it comes from looking up words i heard in monty python sketches (terpsichorian for instance), the rest of my intelligence is down to the OU putting out those programs at 2:00 am when i couldn't sleep. if we took all those utterly, utterly banal reality shows and replaced them with science, art, literature, almost anything educational (and substantiated, god knows there's enough "secrets of" progs to do yer head in) then maybe we might pull ourselves up to the levels of intelligence of the rest of europe, or maybe japan if we try.
I've happily been singing in this choir for years now. I love it. I have nothing to do with it professionally. I'm an electrical technician. But I can watch these kind of videos all day everyday.
Hey from 6 years later. I can tell you I never used to be. I grew up in a faith based family, and I always believed that science was something that was just beyond me and was only for academics and geniuses. These days, i eat up whatever info I can. It's all still beyond me, but it is incredible stuff non the less.
A truly fantastic lecture!!! I'm blown away... Mr. Gott is a great speaker, was a joy to listen to him... greatly explained... this should be taught at regular schools! 😇
So, the law of physics only apply to an average citizen. Cosmologists are above the law of conservation of energy. I am not allowed to create a single atom from nothing, while they are allowed to create from nothing an entire universe. Must be nice..
Indeed. I just don't buy it. My theory is some sort of multiverse. Where in another universe (far older than ours) an ultra massive black hole reached some sort of critical mass and broke through to our universe and spewed all of its energy into it, producing the inflation this guy is talking about. Simplistic, I know, but everything from nothing nahhh
The architecture of the universe is a profound mystery, revealing an intricate design that spans from the smallest quantum particles to the vast cosmic structures. The patterns and forces shaping the cosmos challenge our understanding and inspire awe, pushing the boundaries of science and philosophy. Exploring this cosmic architecture not only expands our knowledge but also deepens our appreciation for the complexity and beauty of the universe.
Wait a sec, what kind of lense is he talking about 5.00? Does he mean gravitational lensing? But how does this apply to Doppler’s shift? Doppler’s shift applies to mechanical waves such as sound and waves in kinetic sense rather than electromagnetic.
He is a treasure and i'm surprised at his light footprint on the web. Yes Richard, most of us had no clue that things like Andromeda were that big in the sky though diffuse. I'd never heard anyone explain that before, thank you, answers a few questions in my mind.
Love RI lectures to bits! One query - maybe it is just a few too many years out of Physics - but at the 11:10 mark - the 1975 paper where Time is the Y axis and r (Rate?) is the X axis - doesn't this type of graphing violate normal linear graphing techniques (especially where Time is represented) - Time should be the X axis in this case (as in most cases) - since the Linear relationship then prevents the Rate folding back in on itself in some Weird hyperbole arc. Seems more like it is drawn up to represent the "unexpectedness of the finding" rather than showing the "rate" starting Low, then going High, then going Low - in this case it is more like "starts left, then goes right, then goes left" - which is NOT a true means of communicating the graph.
The space making up your body is expanding at the same rate as the space between your body and the galaxies in the Hubble Deep Space Field picture. relative to the scale of the universe the expansion is now very slow. 20,000 kps is the accumulation of all of the expansion between here and there. Not very fast at all.
2 questions - 1/ if the oldest galaxies imaged are 13.5 billion years ago, a) does it not seem probable they don't exist anymore b) ergo the imaging does not portray the universe as it really is today, therefore all the 'assumptions' about it could very probably be wrong ? 2/ at 54:01 does that cosmic web look like the neural network of a human brain, and the 'sponge' representation at 56 looks like an MRI of a human brain - a) could we be 'living' inside a universe size brain ? b) could expansion of it mean we are living inside the brain of an unborn child developing in it's mother's womb ? - holy fuckamoly, eh !
Helped him make galaxies first.. "which is what he wanted to do" .. look hypothesis is good when observations do not match predictions.. but jwst is apparently finding high metalicity huge galaxies (oh.. now they're 1mx stars?) Just 400m years after recombination.. what's next dark dark energy? Inflation before inflation? Or maybe.. maybe... variable speed of light/time.
Great, great talk, just so charismatic. I think it boils down to the fact that, despite so many amazing accomplishments, the professor comes across as very humble. That's a fundamental quality for an educator.
This is really amazing ... ... how incredibly creative these people are in coming up with fantastical and complex THEORIES which they show a couple mathematics algorithms and theorems and claim that to be absolute proof that the theory is fact, without ANY empirical evidence whatsoever. Where is Occam's Razor in all this nonsense ? There are so many theory's you must accept as fact gaining complexity as you delve through the pile of garbage. Relativity contradicts itself as it requires everything to pass through a transform algorithm with an assumption that the speed of light is a fixed number -- which can't be measured due to the same algorithm being needed to take the measurement. This is not empirical data. It is fantastical gibberish passed on as fact to those unwilling or too lazy to question the absence of empirical data.
1. Natalie Portman is not a good actress 2. Gott's time travel book is a pretty big stretch But he is a great presenter. The Kentucky accent just adds to it.
I left the last ever astronomy class of my school life just 10 minutes ago. We were talking about the expansion of the universe and so on and about the cosmic web as well!
I always wonder if there is "order" or a specific pattern to the cosmic web (just as the Milky Way is spiral). Maybe this is a 3D representation of a beautiful higher dimensional structure...🤔
It could be that this foam structure of the universe becomes highly regular/consistent at much larger scales and that we are as atoms staring up at what is the form of large material structures using the largest forces in our understanding as the small forces that bind their 'molecules' together!
Cats of Ulthar I’ve heard something like that. Some people call it the “slime mold model”. Others refer to it as “God’s Brain”, due the similar neural structure of the human brain.
Fascinating, and beautifully explained. I only wish 6 out of every 7 sentences didn't end with an upward inflection. Drives me nuts, lol. But I listened all the way through anyway, that's how well it's laid out.
Hmm! Looking out 13,000,000,000 light years......and it is a “straight line” just......look one degree to your right and the furthest Galaxy is “Straight” and 13,000,000,000 light years away! Repeat and You are in the hub while also being on The circumference! Now that to me Requires explaining! Flat Straight Lines......like a great Unlimited Wheel! Not just a Sphere?
A stunning lecture. Quote :- 8:39 "...There were two speakers in the audience they feared..." (Richard Feynman) ... xbradtc2.com/2015/04/03/a-quick-history-of-us-navy-flight-deck-tractors/ This link relates to Aircraft Carrier Deck Tractors.. For example the Newly launched Queen Elizabeth. will doubtless be training with F35-C Lightning, .... Fully loaded 22 metric tonnes. over 30 metric tonnes fully fuelled. Velocity on deck is often only one meter per second. One squared is one. so 22 metric tonnes at 1.0 m/s has a stored kinetic energy of 11,000 Joules. The other half being the Newtonian Reaction on the Deck. The principle of "Galilean invariance" below deck, would not reveal the velocity or direction of the Aircraft Carrier. The Queen Elizabeth might be at anchor or cruising at 15 m/s (about 30 knots) ... DARK ENERGY.... A fool might think that the Deck tractor driver could detect the movement by the "Power Consumption Meter" on his battery driven tractor. At anchor reaching a velocity of 1.0 m/s with 22,000 kilos load is going to consume a minimum of 11,0000 Joules. and if The Queen Elizabeth is cruising at 15 m/s, the tractor will have a new velocity of 16 m/s. (16 X 16) - (15 X 15) = 31, & 31 x 11,000 = 341,000 Joules. So this fool Deck tractor driver, firmly believing the "unqualified and unrestricted" demonstrably erroneous Laws of Energy Conservation, that the Public (NOT MILITATY...!!!!...) deliberately brainwash students with. (If the General Public had access to unlimited Free Energy, they would undoubtedly make lethal mischief with it...!!!...) ...So NO the Power Meter would NOT register anything near 341,000 Joules. it would be much closer to 11,000 Joules. (Galilean invariance is absolutely KEY to understanding both relativity and "DARK ENERGY". Experimental proof of Dark Energy can be validated by some of the simplest and reliable metrology experiments in the Physics Laboratory.... We now have SOLAR POWER costing 5 cents a unit to produce. The Military know that Energy Storage is a vital priority. Elon Musk's ""HYPER-LOOP ALPHA" Project, is just one of the test beds for Over-Unity Kinetic Energy Storage. ... Humanity risks High Intensity, Thermonuclear War over dwindling Oil resources. Unsubsidised 5 cents a Unit Electricity from Solar combined with efficient storage, that requires high velocity stored kinetic energy, provides a welcome alternative to fossil fuels. India has just cancelled a Coal Power Station in favour of Solar. This trend will continue. China plans to decommission all her coal power plant. . Beware of what can happen when Science promotes seemingly plausible balderdash! as a sacred taboo. J. Richard Gott has given us a delightfully detailed account of "Dark Matter and Dark Energy" laying dormant within the fabric of our universe. Clearly a very fertile field of further investigation and research. We live in a 'Generous Universe'... We may discover an energetic generosity beyond our wildest dreams? just waiting for us to harvest it.
My fellow Americans...You know how the thick Scottish accent. Is about impossible for us to understand? This guy is great (love his pizza cone physical analogy of time travel) but his accent is our revenge lol. Faraday, the Braggs, Sir MacIknowitall...so on & so on... Now this guy.... PS Did he just make a back handed comment about Feynman? He has a question...His home boy writes a paper?
This is all meaningless speculation based on Hubble's simplistic, childish assumption that the red shift was due to greater velocities of stars that are farther away, i.e., that it was a Doppler effect. There are two other possible explanations for red shift: 1. Luminescence decay. Light loses energy over great distances; this energy loss is reflected by drop in frequency; 2. Diffraction. Space is not "empty," but a giant lens comprised of charged particles, diffuse hydrogen and weak gravity through which light over long distances must diffuse. Diffusion causes diffraction. Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics: [Begin quote] "If a light pulse is propagated through a normally dispersive medium, the result is the higher frequency components slow down more than the lower frequency components. The pulse therefore becomes positively chirped, or up-chirped, increasing in frequency with time. This causes the spectrum coming out of a prism to appear with red light the least refracted and blue/violet light the most refracted. Conversely, if a pulse travels through an anomalously (negatively) dispersive medium, high frequency components travel faster than the lower ones, and the pulse becomes negatively chirped, or down-chirped, decreasing in frequency with time.[65] "The result of group velocity dispersion, whether negative or positive, is ultimately temporal spreading of the pulse. This makes dispersion management extremely important in optical communications systems based on optical fibres, since if dispersion is too high, a group of pulses representing information will each spread in time and merge, making it impossible to extract the signal.[63]" [End quote] Oh, BTW, it wasn't Einstein who developed special relativity. Einstein plagiarized Fitzgerald and Lorentz, whose theories were convincingly summarized by Poincare.
Neither Fitzgerald, Lorentz, or Poincare introduced the two postulates and used it to solve the problem relating to dynamics and Maxwell's equations. Of course no one claims that Einstein did it by himself, all standard history of physics books note the contributions of preceding physicists - which is why the Lorentz transformations are named after Lorentz not Einstein (despite the fact that it was Einstein that gave it physical meaning.) As for your other crackpot ideas, grow up you're not a genius; pick a textbook and study instead of being an immature contrarian.
Have read more text books than you. "Of course no one claims that Einstein did it by himself." Nicht wahr. Einstein inferred it himself by citing zero sources when he published "his" (sic) theory. It wasn't until several decades later that he gave them credit. Sure, the physics books tell about the earlier contributions...but Einstein didn't. Moreover, in his exuberance to slickly repackage (and claim) the Fitzgerald/Lorentz concepts, Einstein made errors. Your statement "...Einstein gave it physical meaning" is unadulterated bullshit. Einstein made brilliant contributions like the photoelectric effect and E=mc2, but I'm sick of generation after generation of partially-educated clowns attributing revolutionary concepts to Einstein that he did not originate. Neither relativity, time dilation or the concept of time as the 4th dimension were Einstein's, although they are all popularly attributed to him. Your term "crackpot ideas" more aptly describes Hubble's theory, which Einstein swallowed hook, line & sinker. In a couple of decades, the ludicrous "big bang" theory will be put in the same dustbin as the Piltdown Man.
Robert Gipson I'm no expert but I don't think the individual photons get changed, that is the total light from the Sun doesn't reach us because most of it is moving away, and some that is moving in our direction is absorbed, but the photons that reach us are unchanged. Either it is absorbed or not absorbed on the way. The Doppler effect is from different velocities with respect to the observer, which changes the frequency but not the nature of the energy. I think luminescence decay is from photons being absorbed, in the case of a light bulb it's particles of dust. In other words from Wiki "the magnitude of the shift is independent of the wavelength".
Ok so if space is expanding, surely the space inside galaxies is also expanding, making them bigger? And the space inside planets and stars, isn't that also expanding? So if the "raisin bread" doubles in size, but all the raisins also swell to twice the size, doesn't that mean nobody would notice that anything expanded at all?
That's not how it works in the bread analogy raisins are the galaxies; the space around the galaxies are the bread. Galaxies are held together by gravity. The space between each galaxy is expanding.
Yes correct! And the ultimate end of it, as physicist call it "The Big Rip", where in the end even the space between the atom will expand to such an extent that electrons will be pulled apart then the universe will be left with just the soup of fundamental particles ultimately then all the quantum fields will die down there will be just pure darkness left with no trace of anything.
How do we know vacuum energy has no hydraulic type force it is not something we can create in a laboratory Nor is it something that is foreseeable to have within our Solar System. If it does that would be fuel for a faster than light travel.
