The Permian-Triassic Boundary - The Rocks of Utah 

thanks for your excellent introductions to the geology and chemistry.

What a shame "This link has expired and can no longer be used to grant free access to the article." Please share a link if it appears open access anywhere. Nice video, thanks.

Link has expired

Thank you!

Bill, I don't think I've ever gotten such a well written comment on my RU-vid channel. I'll reference a few papers, which I did not have time to go into but can help answer your questions: Yes, there is some coal fly-ash reported from the boundary in other sections, so there are other lines of evidence.... need to find more. Grasby, S.E., Sanei, H., Beauchamp, B., 2011, Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly-ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction. Nature Geoscience4104-107. doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1069 Mercury at the boundary is also reported here and attributed to coal emissions. Sanei, H., Grasby,S.E.,Beauchamp, B. 2012. Latest Permian mercury anomalies. Geology 40 63-66. doi.org/10.1130/g32596.1 The high Zinc lead researchers to suggest volcanic activity or bolide impact, but lack of Ni in Utah is perplexing.. This paper found high Zn in China Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., Miura, Y., Kawahata, H., Tazaki, K., Ueshima,M., Chen, Z., Shi, G.R., 2001. End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle. Geology 29 815-818. doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)0292.0.co;2 I was really surprised to find low Ni, especially since I read this paper: Rampino, M.R.,Rodriguez, S.,Baransky, E., Cai,Y. 2017.Global nickel anomaly links Siberian Traps eruptions and the latest Permian mass extinction. Scientific Reports 7, 12416.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12759-9 However, after looking at it closely, I realized that these Ni anomalies are not right at the boundary interval, but stratigraphically above or below the boundary. The temperature proxy comes from this paper: (They used conodont teeth) Sun,Y., Joachimski, M.M., Wignall,P.B., Yan,C., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Wang, L., Lai, X.,2012. Lethally hot temperatures during the early Triassic greenhouse. Science338366-370. doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126 Check out the pre-print here: eartharxiv.org/khd9y

Helpful! Thanks.

That is a great idea! I have a new series that I'm in the planning stage for called 40 Key Concepts in Geology, which will include all the basic information someone needs a geologist, including a video on geological mapping including how to take great notes. Also how to using a Brunton Compass, measuring Dip Strike, and making Cross Sections. I'll start filming this summer when the snow finally melts!

I was hoping for something sooner but oh well.

I still have a foot of snow to melt before I can get out to the rocks right now. Itching to head back as soon as this all melts.:)

Benjamin Burger I hear ya. It's getting real nice here. I hope to get my son out this weekend.

The rock layers he’s testing here were laid over a hundred million years before that impact and would not have seen exposed until the uplift of the Rocky Mountains well after it.

Bullshit, it is a fake map at 2:10. It is The Netherlands right as it is now in the delta part (south). Nothern part is The Netherlands 400 yr ago.

Justin Clark Feel free to email me any questions at benjamin.burger at usu.edu a peered review based on this research should be coming out soon. But you can check out the preprint linked in the description.

@@BenjaminBurgerScience Awesome - thanks sir! I might hit you up one of these days - thanks so much for your reply, and keep up the great work and excellent videos!

Yeah but when the volcano goes through a huge coal seam? Also remember it's not just ash, there's a lot of gases being released.

@@citizenschallengeYT I did overlook that it is believed that a staggering amount of coal was burned.

That is The Netherlands allright! I live there too

Gondwana both iron and stony meteorites have an excess of Pt-group elements compared to the Earths crust. Geology’s call these elements siderphile, since they occur deeper with Earth, Fe (iron) is a commonly known siderphile element. The way to identify these layers is to look for an abundance of these elements in a section of rock near earth’s surface. Which are normally very rare. I think your second question refers to erosion, or more likely diagensis, the term for alternations of rock due to burial. Yes, there can be some alteration. In carbonate rock the most common is the translation of argonite crystals into calcite crystals. Some minerals are more soluble, like Mn and Fe, but others less so and remain in the rock. These rocks are mostly mudstone and shale so lack much porsosity and permeability, so they did not change much since burial. There has been little metamorphism due to heat and pressure in these rocks which is very unique, most rocks of this age have undergone some metamorphism. Carbonate rocks that have undergone this type of alternation are called dolomite, and eventually marble.

@@BenjaminBurgerScience ah excellent, thank you for answering both questions! They both make a lot of sense. Please keep up the good work!

No beer was harmed in the filming of this video. Only luke warm soda.

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similar to the acidic oceans during the event ;)