Things Not To Say To Someone Who's HIV Positive 

Xoxoellie Xoxo 😦😦😦

Oh god that’s heartbreaking.

oh my god☹️☹️

My heart just skipped a beat wtf his father?! But they're family?? What? I've never heard this in my life. What?

C. Morgan Free, it is more than just horrible but I'm amazed that you have never heard of parents sexually abusing their children before

Starla Racine and gay

Why do you think he was misinformed Martha Motevassel?

Danika Mia I agree

Marta Motevassel He's NOT misinformed 😂 He should have said "Is on medication and has an undetectable viral load and a healthy CD4 count." If I'm wrong... tell that to my infectious disease specialist who did data collection for the studies that recently concluded that undetectable = untransmittable... OH... And say that to my boyfriend of 2 years who is the one who told me about undetectable = untransmittable and he's still HIV negative!

Of course you do

BRICK TAMLAND anything is better than buzzfeed

Bre Marie good point bre marie.. good point.

It's buzzfeed if buzzfeed wasn't full of radical feminazis

***** What? its true.

actually educating people instead of forcing their opinions :p

Same!

@Wayne hahahahah

chibi hungary And if they cheated on you? It happens.

chibi hungary Good for you, me too. But all I'm saying is that you can never be 100% sure. It can happen to pretty much anyone.

Anyone can judge anyone. So what...?

chibi hungary Hell if you can't keep someone from cheating on you, how do you know they'll use protection while doing so? You can't control those things

🙋🏻‍♂️Unprotected sex isn’t the only way you can get HIV, it’s just the most common

That made me smile so harf my cheeks hurts haha

He took the words right out of my mouth. I would do the same thing to.

ikr I loved that XD

Your verry fat

Hiv cant be transmitted by saliva but go off

Johnny Boy Well you should wait until you truly trust them tbh because you should be wearing condoms anyway for the first little while with a new partner.

You should NOT be doing anything at All with somebody who does not have the Virus if you have this, sorry but this is the right thing to do.

Non Stop HIV+ people with an undetectable viral load cannot transmit the virus. Look it up and educate yourself for once.

Girl101 No, you need to inform any sexual partner of your status before any sexual activities. It is your partners right to know.

DUDE before you have sex with someone you should tell them you have an STD not after a while wtf?

YES!! Best thing I've heard all year

ashwin σ it so was I can't stop laughing about it

Don't see what's so great about it myself. Absolute filth.

but it's a lie, u can get hiv if someone cums in your face and it gets in your eye

Yeah that was really funny

Quite the opposite of informative. Telling people you can't catch HIV from an HIV patient on The Cocktail is bogus and dangerous. Thank fuck that shitty channel is no longer license payer funded.

People should be scared of AIDS. When there is fear, there is more caution.

BBC3 is still funded by licence fee... it's just online... and less expensive content to make...

Claire O w

Liztomania I love that song

CharliGirlToast it had nothing to do with the hiv but the thought of it raining slimy sperm!!! Just omg! 🤢

Phoebe Walsh now if they had herpes on the other hand... :p

Almost everyone does so..... Probably lol

I love having to choke down a sack full of anti-retrovirals every day. It's wonderful.

lipgloss675411 you can't take everything at face value. These people have to live with this disease for the rest of their lives. At least they're making the best of it instead of developing depression, or going into denial and refusing to take their meds

lipgloss675411 LMAO RIGHT

It`s only 1 pill a day, and when I take it, it reminds me that I need to live my life to the fullest, without fear and doing the best every day, it`s not wonderful to be HIV positive, but it`s wonderful to live life.

They could have met a great support system after being diagnosed that helped them also solve their other problems and they're grateful for that.

The bbc was established in 1922 buzzfeed was established in 2006....

+AJJ yesssss rule britannia

AJJ I know that lol. I was just talking about this specific show

This is buzzfeed if buzzfeed wasn't shitty

Jordan Wells and sexist and racist.

Yeah but you still have AIDS

theslinkymaniaa Thank you so much , your comment was very informative 😊

I briefly dated a guy with HIV and that's when i learned all that. It was only 3-4 dates and there was no intercourse but i was shocked to learn that HIV is no longer a death sentence, they can have intercourse without passing it with proper medication and protection and they can have children as long as the uninfected person takes the proper medication beforehand. We didn't last though because he told me if I wanted to be with him I'd have to get rid of my pet snakes which wasn't going to happen lol

Herr Daly Nurses know a lot of things, honestly they do most of the work.

theslinkymaniaa Can you be a bit more realistic about this statement? I know a lot of HIV workers/nurses/consultants who would disagree with you completely about telling people the chance is low, but its still there. Nobody is saying the virus has been eradicated. But they are saying IF your viral load is 0 then you are undetectable. That means that the virus is so well controlled by medication as to be considered 'NO RISK'. HIV workers have known this for years and lived their private lives accordingly but as professionals they had to hold back on what information they could give out. If you are saying this, then presumably you know of someone who was undetectable and still infected someone else?

😂😂😂😅😄

MsTheeloisa oh hello someone adequate!

It's quite funny how people claim to hate political correctness while at the same time being CAPLOCK enraged by people who have different opinions to you. It doesn't make sense for her to have said that out of political correctness when there are still people like you ready to condemn her for making that statement. That's politically controversial, not politically correct.

Exactly

I think she meant she likes the perk of being able to spread awareness and help people who have had the same experiences as her

you positive m8

Read what the Plus Us Too organisation is about, idiot.

Thank you that’s right wish more people would think like you

You're a hero.

Jeannette Dahlia-Harvey hello my ace friend! (I’m sorry don’t wanna assume but your icon just gave me a hint)

I agree with you completely!! Like who tf thinks these are alright to ask anyone??? Also love the profile picture

Ash Bath, they're making people aware that it's not the 1980s, an undetectable viral load is virtually impossible to transmit the virus and the fact that there are hundreds of thousands of people, gay and straight, of all racial backgrounds and income levels that aren't aware of their status.

@Ash Bath, I fully agree with you. Videos like this are irresponsible. They make HIV come across like it's a mild issue. Watching this video, you'd think they were talking about a broken ankle. For an awareness video, the message is actually poor. People, whatever their condition, should be treated with respect and not have to face prejudice, but in raising awareness we shouldn't resort to normalizing these things into the culture.

@Helana, 100,000 people may have it but it's still a tiny number compared to the rest of the population. Yes, it cannot be caught through sneezing but it is still a condition that, to date, has no cure and for now requires lifelong medication. It therefore shouldn't be taken lightly especially given the primary root cause of it is sex. In this day and age of casual relationships, in addition to other STI's, it's fair to say we're in the grip of a pandemic. Thus, public health responses, including videos such as the above, should treat this matter more with the seriousness it warrants. I'm all for reducing the stigma associated with HIV, and the consequences of prejudice and discrimination that follows, but there ought to be a balance between this and highlighting that HIV isn't a matter to be taken lightly.

Agree. Getting rid of stigma and talking about the subject openly is different form downplaying it and it seems to me they are downplaying it too. You have to stick up on your regime precisely to avoid drug resistance. Nobody can possible by 100% precise because we’re just humans. There are those how already catch a multi drug resistant virus and their treatment options are therefore limited. Science is very fast, new drugs are developed rapidly, but the scientific progression may not always be that rapid. We live in a great time where meds are widely available but it may not stay like that forever. Even thought HIV really means just 1 or 2 pills a day for many, it’s still dangerous for others, for poor countries, for drugs users unable to stick on their regimes... There’s no reason to be terrified of HIV in developed countries of 21st century but I still think it should be taken more seriously than this video suggests.

Uhm bc they have to live with it. And they can't feel ashamed about that while their whole life. Probably they are kinda ok with it.

I've met several people with HIV in my time. There is a lot of prejudice people with HIV status face but there's a fine line between this and giving the impression that HIV is a walk in the park, as seems to be the case with this video. It's a lifelong thing that requires daily medication and other added complications due to a weakened immune system, with no cure as of yet. Yes, everyone should be treated with respect but the fact remains it is largely caught through sex. This video, in its attempt to normalize this virus, is setting a bad precedent.

Ellspressions I totally agree with you. For example when they talk about having kids, why do they laugh?? Isn't a serious thing their babies born with hiv? They don't care about that? It is not that common? I don't want to be rude I GENUINELY WANT TO KNOW

Vale Velasquez yeah... I think in their attempt to be expressive and open about the topic, they forgot that it has been taboo to discuss for a long time, so a lot of people just don't know much when it comes to HIV... PERFECT TIME TO EDUCATE instead of getting angry at miseducated people.. I agree with you, I know I'm ignorant on this topic- and would have loved to know more actual facts.. 😓

@@ellspressions1002 This isn't a documentary on people with HIV though. Its 'things not to say to someone with HIV', or in other words, ridiculous statements they hear on a daily basis that they are tired of being harassed about. They've specifically taught you how to not have a misguided and (sometimes) offensive conversation with someone with HIV. It is now up to you to take that a step further and research more about HIV on your own since they have peaked your interest. There are many different resources available for you to be able to expand upon what you do and do not know about HIV. That's basically the entire purpose of the "Things Not to Say to Someone With..." series as a whole.

@@elizab1247 that's a good point, it is on the person. But just like anything, that initial contact/ conversation can often and will often lead someone one way or the other. No one is looking for full HIV briefing from the video- they can rant on and discuss, they have every right to: but I'm just saying they had a great platform and it was a perfect vehicle to give insight 🤷🏿‍♀️

First of all, you can have child that is HIV negative whilst you’re living HIV positive... and it seems that when HIV pos people are talking about their experiences, people want them to be sad and to speak all about the tragic way the contracted the virus and blah blah.. but if someone was to do so and have a pity fest people would accuse them anyway (“oh well you had unprotected sex soo...”) Why can’t people just be lighthearted if that’s the way they feel- it’s the whole point of the video. I think people want to make it a lot more dramatic than it is. Don’t get me wrong, it’s a virus that can affect people badly in so many ways but the treatment we have nowadays means people can live normal lives. Don’t try to force a tragedy that just isn’t there...

some guy HechIV

AITCH!!!!

hech

abby x Well we invented the English language, so that is the correct way to pronounce ‘H’.

Ghostof Razgriz1 because what is happens already happened :)

@@sallywirawan9234 Doesn't mean you should be happy about it. I have a chronic illness, which has no cause or cure, and I'm not happy I have it. Yes, it happened, nothing I could do about it, but I would give both arms and legs not to have it

Olivia Van Zimmerman i know my dear... but i just wanna say to be grateful, what is done was done, we only can face it ... i know you feel sad or feeling down, i just can say you are strong enough more than you think, let me makes you thing with another perception, how about you lose your legs and arms, but never think about get a hiv/illness you have it right now, maybe you will say “ i will get anything to make my arms back “ be strong my dear, because you re strong enough more than u think, 🥰🥰🥰

They are trying to live "positively"

Only the westerners who have constant medication to suppress it are 'happy'. Go to sub saharan africa and ask them if they like having HIV 😂

Daniela Restrepo I'm not so sure about that.

HatingOnHomework 98 you watched this whole video and learnt nothing.

what i meant is that you dont need to say it rigth away, however if you see things going somewhere more physical it is your obligation to say it.

Absolutely. Unless you intend to have sex with someone, you're under no obligation to disclose your HIV status - whether you bring it up earlier or later is your prerogative

HJones68 If you're going to be dating someone and it's getting deep, I think you should just tell them (out of respect). Certainly before you have sex.

iyanna anderson hun you have google and you can read...you can look up doctors talking about it.

KillstreakBeats can’t really ask google if your partner is positive though 😷

@@aliyahamiryes you can lmao

Absol1234​ My asexuality is not a phobia. It is a lack of sexual attraction, which is called asexuality. I do not want to contribute to the erasure of asexuals by refusing to identify as asexual. I am aware that sexuality is a spectrum and I know it could change, but I feel like that is very unlikely for me. I don't have a stubborn mindset, if anything I wish I could change. I can sort of understand where you're coming from with this. But at the same time, you wouldn't tell a gay person to stop identifying as gay, "cause that might change" and they're just gay cause they "have a stubborn mindset".

Absol1234 It is possible that people who identify as asexual do have a hormonal decrease, or something similar. Some medicines decrease libido, which some people mistake as being asexual. However, for many people asexuality is just a sexuality, not a health issue.

+ Absol1234 What you are saying, is LITERALY things NOT to say to an asexual lol.

Alex Ewing Yes please!! And demisexuals too

Demisexuality doesn't exist

" Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. " (HIV wikipedia) I can understand why you, and most people, would believe anything the BBC says, but this time they're lying to you.

that's an old study, from the 90s i think. current data shows that hiv+ people are expected to live as long or nearly as long as hiv- people, as long as they take medication

Jenna Trowbridge No, its from 2007 - you can find the link on Wikipedia. (UNAIDS, WHO (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). p. 10. Retrieved 2008-03-12.). Where are you getting your "current data"?

Did you really just get your information from Wikipedia and think that it's the total truth!? Wikipedia is edited by the public, hence which is why most of it is bullshit.

What makes them brave. Getting an std doesn't make one "brave"

But it's not affecting them in any way, only the stigma associated with the illness

Welcome to 2016 where it's politically incorrect to sympathise and feel bad for someone.

It's a condition. Not an illness. Obesity may be a condition... And a primary illness, yet they are not bounded to always die by heart diseases. Just more likely. So if an obese person take care of himself, change to a healthy diet, and exercise and keep within that lifestyle they are taking control of their condition. An hiv poz just have to stay taking their daily pills and have a healthy lifestyle. HIV does not equals AIDS. Its just a condition in which if you dont take care of yourself you will eventualy develop AIDS. As much as life is a condition prior to die...

Yeah. Life's not fair. We all make life-changing decisions, negative or positive. Some dodge the bullet, others get hit and move forward anyway. Kudos to those in the video for putting themselves out there to educate people. I dig it.

Tyana Alexandra nah you just wanted to make that commebt. Welcome to 2018 closing in on 2019, are you still ignorant?

I don't see them playing it off in any way at all. In what way do they do that? They are educating you about what life is like, and teaching how to be appropriate and tactful while still showing your sympathy when you learn someone is HIV positive. You can cry, or you can learn from the individuals in the video that it's ok to practice a little self control and still be sympathetic and educated enough to compose yourself out of respect. How miserable would you continue to feel about yourself and situation if for your entire life everyone cried when they found out. Try to see a different perspective and practice empathy instead of just sympathy. They know better than you do sweetie.

@@TheTjoy910 most who got it will get AIDS die slowly painfully. Only just over 20 years ago THEY WASN'T EVEN NO TREATMENT AVAILABLE, Freddie Mercury had his foot amputated people even today die horrible because of AIDS these guys are heavily down playing it. Imagine if it was cancer

@@dudexoxoxo6837 many will die if we are talking about world wide statistics and counting areas with high infection rates and poor health care, but those are needless deaths causes by lack of treatment. But here in the UK very few will die, if they get tested because treatment is available and it's very effective at controlling the virus. And it's the same in any country with a free health care system. HIV is not a death sentence

Lindsey Mackie these comments are Just horrible, reading so many evil words people have for one another. It’s impossible to explain to imbeciles that refuse to learn. They want to separate from people with disease. When the cure comes people should remember those said individuals.

Richard Hawkins, some people are so clueless man.

A Scott Who is clueless here? I see, people without HIV are loosers now, because they ask "stupid" questions. At least they know how to have safe sex.

Weronika, people have to know the basics about it ! Check out the CDC website on HIV transmission and how being undetectable=untransmittable 👍🏽 ! The research/test have proven this and several top credible sources back it up. It's in ink.

Richard Hawkins hey guess what, schools dont teach us shit that we need to know, so no not ignorant, just never informed

Lots of these thing were not known in 1991- and there weren’t good cures back then like now

I hate to break it to you but no they aren’t if you want a full breakdown of aids go watch a medical video because this isn’t one AIDS/HIV isn’t the death sentence it once was

I mean, I know it enough to not get it huehuehueheueheueheuheueeheu

@@aquileslame6897 Lets see what will happen when you unknowingly receive an HIV infected transfusion after that nasty accident when you are unconscious to say no, and it's an emergency situation

Savanna LaVera Most of this shit is common sense. Google is free boo if you don't know research. You have no one to blame for your ignorance except yourself.

Savanna LaVera so educate yourself first about hiv in another video

Em S Em S damn, sorry for not knowing something, I’ll make sure to memorize the internet before making a statement

Education is the key then. Ignorance leads to fear, fear leads to hatred, and hatred leads to violence.

Roosa

You have no reason to fear the virus unless you plan on having unprotected sex with an infected individual

Pippetandpossum That's how they pronounce the letter h.. In fact I think pronouncing it like ache sounds retarded.

+Nicolas Cage is Disappointed and I agree In some places, 'ayche' is the correct way to say it. Insulting people for how their local culture speaks is really not something you should be doing. You may not like how it sounds, and hey! That's fine! There are lots of accents I find weird. But calling people stupid because their way of speaking has changed from how it was originally is pointless and demeaning.

Nicolas Cage is Disappointed and I agree Yeah, I'm done here. Have a good day.

Cinnamon Bun ( ͡ᵔ ͜ʖ ͡ᵔ )

Pippetandpossum yes🙌🏻🙌🏻🙌🏻

Unless you are a bug chaser, heh.

Because they just might.

@@trey87 You'll have to look elsewhere because you won't get one from someone with HIV on treatment.

elis you wouldn't catch it if they're on their meds.. just saying

Severius Brandusa LMFAOOOOOOOO

I mean there's at the very least the PARTNER study that has followed over a 1000 serodiscordant couples for the past 6 years (ongoing), where over 40,000 condomless relations were reported in the first three years alone, and where the only transmission that occurred was when the seronegative person had intercourse with someone outside the relationship. An undetectable viral load does not promise 0% risk, and dialogue and protection should definitely be a thing in any relationship, but studies like this one or the HPTN 052 study, are showing that transmission risks are low to negligible when a viral load is undetectable.

I've actually knocked back a joint from an HIV person. I know it is (supposedly) not transmitted that way but I'm taking no chances with blood parasites and my immune system. Even with condoms I'd never sleep with an HIV sufferer. Not worth the risk. I used to live near an AIDS clinic. I've seen people in the last stages of the disease, it's horrible.

I think you might be a bit uneducated about the matter as you can't compare someone who is in the last stage of the disease and some one who is infected with the virus and takes medicine. The latter look like a "normal" person, eat like a normal person and (probably, there hasn't been enough experience yet) live as long as a normal person. Of course it's a personal decision whether to sleep with someone who is positive and it is good to be caucious of your health, I respect that, but this kind of thinking can easily lead to the exclusion of HIV positive people from social groups or society as a whole. You're making them feel bad about a thing they can't change.

I’m sorry but efficacy does not necessarily imply effectiveness. It’s important to remember that the recruitment and treatment programs in these types of RCTs often have issues with generalisability for effectiveness for general clinical populations. Again, not something we can actually know until further studies focused on EXTERNAL validity have been conducted. It is also important to remember that a single study often encounters many issues and biases and research findings must be replicated. Remember what Ioannidis (2005) said on the topic! I know how much the scientific community loves a positivity bias but remember that about 34 people from the experimental condition alone were infected with HIV, although a lower rate, this is still something that people need to be aware of. I’m really not trying to negate the research on this topic because it really is a promising start but I firmly do not believe we are at the stage where broad statements can be made about having proof. Especially when many people don’t have access to actual research papers from which they can draw their own conclusions about what they feel is safe behaviour for themselves. I truly never meant to cause offense to anyone either in the research community or the HIV community, and I’m very very sorry if I have. My Phd that I’m current;y working on is actually on social perceptions of HIV positive people in relation to medical and behavioural treatment compliance (focused specially on WEIRD populations) and I would hate to contribute to the fears and stereotypes

MultiMel0 I

mindless Magyar If your using a condom then you don't need to know until it breaks or something, get to know someone and trust them first before you tell them.

Girl101 I don’t know where you live but you can NOT have sex here in the US without informing someone you have HIV.

I still wouldn't take risk

they are both positive

Mocha the vegan Girl nobody asked you though

You still need to wear protection even if both are positive. It's not good to transmit different (or even mutated) versions of the virus, it can fuck up the meds if I understand it correctly.

How dare you, assuming their sexual orientation!

trip2themoon Omg ask the doctor; you cannot pass it on whilst your undetectable.

Well you go sleep with an HIV infected person unprotected then. Bet you wouldn't if you had prior knowledge of their illness.

Um. I don't even have unprotected sex. A LOT of people don't for many reasons. You're acting like the ONLY way to have sex is without a condom.

There is a small chance for infection, even if it's undetectable

lol

No need to freak out, but protect yourself. This video is not exposing the whole truth about life with HIV.

You sure as hell better be scared of AIDS. Don't let this politically correct video stir you into thinking otherwise.

Just be careful. HIV is not a disease to be taken lightly.

Wow glad to see this video has done such good. Yup dont worry guys HIV is just like the common cold. Some people are actually even GLAD that they have HIV, so ya dont worry about a thing man go fuck all the unprotected man butt you can.

rick peryy s-sarcasm?

lynsays Passtime bro you should still get tested regularly. HIV isn't the only disease in town

Thank you me too I hope people understand things like this more people can make up the most craziest things about things like this because they don’t know what it is they should not say anything about something if you they don’t know what they are talking about so I agree

Mari Ni exactly. Someone should tell him if he loves it so much stop taking your medication. Show us how much you really love it.

y’all are fucked up in the heads. smh.

@@MattyBlue shut up, moron

she's said it's as she can help other people who are HIV positive. she's happy and there's nothing wrong with that, shes happy as she has the ability to comfort other and make them happy and that's amazing

I've actually found a lot of people who've had experiences they didn't plan or want still say they wouldn't change it. Our lives shape who we are as people; for many the idea of removing bad experiences or mistakes would mean fundamentally changing themselves. From the outside the answer seems obvious, but when you've lived a worthy life regardless (or even because) of what happened to you, the answer isn't quite as obvious.

With regards to the HIV virus it is obvious that any sane person would not want to live with it. Would you want a permanently damaged immune system. Have you ever seen a person who's CD4 count is so low they can't fight off the common cold and their bodies are covered lesions that the immune system would normal kill off? It's truly awful and there's no way they'd not jump at the chance to be free of that terrible virus.

It's not sacks of pills at all BTW.

trip2themoon Well said! finally someone sane in the comment section

it's actually just one or two pills, lol

They are a british buzz feed.

Seems OK to me. There is a lot of fear around HIV, this is a great way to educate.

XxC0dProsxX Why? Just like the video states, it is an exceptionally minor disease with treatment which is for some reason considered massive.

Jamessuperfun All diseases should be feared. HIV is a disease. It's not a thing anyone should want or feel welcome to. It's like putting on a coat. You are in fear of catching a cold even though it's so minor. This video promotes unsafe sex.

XxC0dProsxX No, this video promotes accepting those with a disease. There is unwarranted fear and concern directed at people specifically with HIV. Other diseases are not socially viewed as being comparably severe, despite HIV being pretty meaningless. Disease is not good but it is not the end of the world either in the vast majority of cases. It doesn't promote unsafe sex at all, it merely provides a platform for people who have HIV to explain what they feel the issues with society's response to them are. There are a lot of good points here, the general understanding of HIV is limited and wrong. This is not promoting unsafe sex, it's promoting fact.

Silver Vegan Brown there is always a chance to spread it, even with medication. I teach awareness to at-risk youth.

SongBird2020 if someone is on medication and has an undetectable viral load then there is *no* chance of sexually transmitting HIV. I'm a microbiologist and public health practitioner, by the way.

HIV positive

what the fuck does this have to do with being LGBT?

Yeah of course because that person is HIV Positive. If they become undetectable, and have been taking their medication they cannot pass the virus on to a sexual partner. Educate yourselves

eileen perez In the UK too

Hannah Willow exactly!! It’s completely selfish to not tell the person they are hiv positive. It is and should be illegal and even if they are on medication the person should be charged with not disclosing the face that they are hiv positive. There is always a risk of spreading the virus and everyone deserves the right to know that.

My Mum Mate In Scotland all our prescription's are free

@@Girl-101 but in Africa.... well everything is Africa is so difficult to get, even water or food

Ashton xx Yeah coz everyone is truthful right enough

People lie, people cheat, people don't know their status and it can take up to 6 months before a test can accurately determine a person's status. So no, while asking is a good thing, it isn't quite enough. Condoms are the way to go

yeahman

Nartu Fody no wonder she has aids

naaa it was one of the inspirational Jeremy Kyle episodes

Alison Smith SMH.

Yeah, bet they wont be so blasé when their CD4 count drops below 200 and all those nasty viruses and bacteria gain a foothold.