What does the Muon g-2 experiment tell us? 

You've been explaining the recent happenings in the world of physics to me since I was a 12 year old boy. I'm now a 23 year old man with a bachelor's in physics and I feel even further from my dreams of contributing to experimental or theoretical physics in any significant capacity. I'll see you in a few years, hopefully with a PhD. :)

The thing I love about Don's videos is how he stresses that in science, finding new questions can be as exciting as finding answers. A result which tells us "we don't know, we need to do more research" is actually a great result.

This channel is a gem. I have been repeatedly impressed by the content. It seems as though it would be digestible by a wide audience, despite the complexity of the subject matter. This video was particularly well made.

Former BNL employee worked on that magnet on Long island NY . Proud 🤗

Dr. Lincoln is such a great teacher. His delivery is always enjoyable and very informative. The G-2 uncertainty has been cycling through my mind since first becoming aware of it.

I could listen to him lecturing for hours. ☺️

After all the hype I was waiting for Don's take on it. I'm not disappointed. Clearly explained with a pinch of charm.

Finally, a video we've all been waiting for.

Best explanation I've heard/watched on the Muon g-2 experiment. As usual, Dr. Limon knows how to cut to the chase.

Thank you for a digestible explanation of cutting edge science, love your videos Dr. Don!

This is the video I have been waiting for, best PR from Fermilab

I'd been looking forward to this! Back in April, I watched the live seminar when the results were first announced. It was incredibly well put together, and was the most compelling and informative scientific presentation I'd ever seen. Truly an outstanding model for scientific communication that should be studied by others.

Thank you for explaining this

Beautifully explained. You can sense his love for physics each team he explains something as fascinating as this. Thanks for explaining so well that even someone like me can understand

I love that being wrong is the best and most exciting thing for a physicist

Thank you all at Fermilab for the great work you do for us all. I desperately hope that option 2 is the case, I really don't want to give up the sci-fi fantasies that come with it :)

In all, I would assume Feynman would be pleased if not jealous lol. I am thankful in your approach and inspiring a new generation of brilliance.

Hello Sir. Hope you are well. Take care!

Thanks for the video! A very exciting experiment!

It reminds me to the GPS system inaccuracy. If we wouldn’t know about relativity, the GPS system clock would be off by 38 microseconds per day. It sounds to be just as small and insignificant, than the difference in this Muon experiment. But this little inaccuracy both leads to kilometers of inaccuracy in real world usage, and a whole new physics which changed how we understand the universe forever.

The more we know, the less we know :-) Anyway, thank you very much for this clear explanation of where science stands in this particular problem.

You are such a good teacher! I am so happy to find it’s possible for me to understand what scientists say about subatomic particles, at least partially.

I am a big fan of the videos presented on this channel. Very cool stuff.

I’m so grateful for these videos. Thank you for the work you put in for us that are of the Dummy Tribe.

Congrats to Don and the Fermilab team. An fresh alternative to CERN

Great video Dr. Don! So, basically what you are saying is that we don't know what we think we know until we know it and even then the answer might be wrong or right depending on how you look at it. 😉😉😂😂

This was great, easily the best explanation I've heard. And I didn't know about the lattice computations! That's really important to the story, it should be reported with this topic more widely.

3 years later, and the Fermilab experiment has gotten much better, and still shows the same results. Has anyone analyzed, and re-done the lattice QCD calculation?

Thank you for teaching us complex concepts in such a down to earth way.

THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!

Thank you for making this video. Great explanation!

I gotta say, I kind of like this new, more subdued Don Lincoln. I hate to sound critical at all, because he and this channel are absolutely great. But now it's Great+.

You're so fascinating. I don't always understand what you're saying but I'm fascinated all the same.

Really great video, especially to get context about the experiments in fermilab If I may, I just have small "advice" : (Idk your budget, and I really mean well, we need more educational videos, especially on quantum mechanics. If the green screen is not used, you can maybe used a set, with half the screen for the key points. A little bit of cuts in the editing, I'm amazed that you can get a lot of these script without cuts, but it can add a bit a rhythm in the video, less breathing noises. Microphone aren't cheap, but it peaks a little bit to much, I think the clip on mic doesn't help The lightning is bright, which maybe necessary because of the green screen, but it seems that the light is not diffused, or not enough. I don't know if you'll se this comment, but please keep posting, those small notes aren't that important. I'm just nitpicking about details. A lot of science channels use green screen with a space background. Some onsite set can boost the production, especially for fermilab, it would be so great ! Btw your generic is AWESOME ! Great production, seems legit.

The best at explaining complex ideas.

Nice video. Thanks.

Incredibly clear, you have a gift

Can we have an updated video with the new results please!!

Thank you so much. For a clear explanation of the facts so far.

This is my favorite series. Love it so much

It's funny how physicists market situations like these as "New Physics required" rather than "Our models are wrong". We are never wrong, we just need more pieces to the puzzle.

How important were the 1948 measurements of g to the formulation of QED?

@8:12 "what does it all mean? Well first, lets be honest, we don't know." lol

I'm def more of an aspiring theoretical physicist, I can swim those waters fairly well, but you experimentalists always blow my mind with how you go about falsifying or confirming ideas. This was such a smart way of looking for new physics...I'd have never thought of that.

Shitttt boi Don is lookin' CRISP today.

I haven't seen anything yet that covers the possibility that there might be something hinky with the equipment: the new experiment used a bunch of the same kit from the old experiment, what did they do to make sure that there wasn't something inherent in the hardware that might produce this discrepancy? Thanks for keeping us updated on progress: I would not be surprised if you've already talked about this but I missed it!

Thank you very mich dr. Lincoln

I was wondering about my initial comment on your other video on magnetics about a Cylinder design that could withstand getting close to the sun, it should also be a perfect example for doing particle physics experiments in space. As much as it would be a mobile “world” That could travel closer to the sun than anything ever could in nature and literally see inside it, it could also do some excellent particle physics, just by its sheer size and design, besides it’s own magnetic shielding- and having over ~ 700 feet of carbon nanotube/graphene boronitride “chain mail composite/built in wave protection” and over 1,300 feet of other materials- that should have better shielding than anything on earth. That should give you the exact protection you need, keep in mind I’m eyeballing everything, so a little more is essentially plus or minus. Also keep in mind, it would employ three zero gravity laser fusion reactors- that should give you more than enough energy you need to do some amazing particle physics

Time for an update! 😊

Paused at exactly 9:09 to write y’a this : Honestly Never ever ever had this impression.. I was catching the whole thing .. nor a tiny winy bit from it❕😵‍💫

It is wistful to see that this alluring experiment was left behind by the Nobel Committee

Okay a muon is a heavier cousin to the electron. It has greater mass than the electron, but is a lepton like the electron and has the same charge as the electron. Being a lepton, it is a fundamental particle that is not composed of other particles, as opposed to the proton and the neutron, which are composed of quarks. But if muons always decay into electrons in a microsecond or less, why don't we just call them mass-excited-state electrons? Looking at it this way, it's not surprising that the magnetic moment should differ a little bit considering the large change in mass. Plus, what good is a muon? What have muons ever done for anybody? Are they teaching us the fine art of quantum spin, moment, and angular momentum?

Intro music is epic. Feels like im about to meet a hero. Wait a minute.... Its dr. don lincoln.... a hero. 😯

Also, there is a muon g-2 experiment set up at JPARC Japan, with different methods and storage ring as compared to BHL and Fermilab. It is planned for its first run in 2024.

Excellent explanation!

Best explanation so far

The addition of Lattice QCD to the calculation seems to account for only roughly half of the discrepancy (and still doesn't make the error bars overlap), so something else must be also going on.

I guess at some point with some vast amount of accuracy you would be able to indicate what state it was in when the measurement was made. Like some fourier transform

Thanks for covering this topic.

I can't help but think of the similarities with the "Crisis in Cosmology".

Has anyone in FermiLab had the crazy idea that neutrinos actually contribute to radioactive decay happening in fractions of a second where if matter away from a stream of neutrinos could have a slower radioactive decay rate? If that could be proven by looking at what happens to Voyager and Voyager II if their power suddenly dies when the density of neutrinos from the sun drops below a critical point; If it happens with that kind of power seen in the two theoretical and recent FermiLab predictions, It means that neutrinos are radiation catalysts at the quantum level.

he said the space by electrons is matter and anti-matter separating and recombining? like little antimatter explosions? is that where force and physical matter comes from? the force of these tiny micro explosions happening everywhere? is that why a seemingly empty atom has the illusion of spatial dimension? because of the force of these explosions?

May be the FSC is the key for the gap alpha=(1/g44*1/beta^2)*3/4*gama(1-ln3)^2 g44 Metric-number from GR beta=1/gama from SR -ln(3)=+ln(1/3) is from Thermodynamics Entropy W=1/3 is the probability to go in to x, y, z direction. So the space must be 3-Dimensional everywhere?

Since the measurement of the muon magnetic moment is higher than the theoretical Quantity, that implies that there may be more particle interactions that can be used to manipulate muons.

I hope that someday I can become an experimental physicist.

Good job, Doc.

Awesome Don

Just watched my sister defend her masters thesis on the lattice qcd paper :) I’m here trying to figure out what the heck it was about

Was the muon g-2 experiment about quantum cognitions interference with particle spin?

I could watch this all night, I should really go to sleep

1:17 and how much it is spinning ? It does spin ?? Is it variable or constant ??? 1:41 according to windows calculator which may be wrong 0.1% higher than 2 is exactly 2.002 - it is NOT 0.00238 that should be more than 0.1% something like 0.119% 2:15 and we know they are particles, not the waves in the moment of measurement ? 12:50 and what is with low mass high size case ?

New physics or wrong physics? who knows! but what we know is Physics is everything.💕💕💖❤

Still transcended by those mellifluous opening and closing cards. !

I wonder what it is like to work with these brilliant people

Ever since these results came out, I've wondered about something that hasn't been mentioned. The Fermilab experiment recycled the coil from the Brookhaven experiment. It seems to me that you cannot leave the possibility off the table that there's something about that coil itself that is pulling both of those results in the same direction. What has been done to eliminate the possibility that the actual coil construction is a confounding factor in the experimental results?

like charged objects repel eachother, we can determine the quantity of force, however HOW does it work?what is the mechanism? is it known by science? i gather streams of photons are the communicating units, is it perhaps the interaction of the coliding photons creating a hetrodyne effect with peaks and troughs and thus pressure differentials? HOW do charged objects repel eachother?im not seeking the 'quantity of force calculation, but rather the explanation of the mechanism.

Thankx Doc.

What if the W boson new results is what (could ) be causing the Muon G2 results. 🤷🏼‍♂️

I don't understand why they buy a new magnet, when old experiment and theory pretty much already agreed. What can you hope to achieve with a new measurement anyways when there will always be some uncertainity. Do we expect the experiment to precisely agree with the theoretical data up to 10^-100

Are we confident we are taking into account and eliminating from the measurements the coupling between the Muons in measurement and the earths magnetic field? The Sun? The galaxy?

If the QCD calculation prove to be right, does that mean the measurements that were previously used to estimate the effects of the quark interactions are the ones that are wrong, and would that be a future interest for new physics (depending of course what is eventually concluded with the g-2 experiment and the prediction)?

6:35 I vote in option 1... Or just an ordinary phenomenon not taken into account... New physics? Nahhh...

so excellent

Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules: "A theory that you can't explain to a bartender is probably no damn good." Ernest Rutherford When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. (More spatial curvature). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are actually a part of the quarks. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" make sense based on this concept. Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons. Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension? Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons . Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process. Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.

Could the small discrepancy on the measurement of muon magnetic moment be caused by dark matter particles?

Hi Mr. Don, Is it possible to observe an object when it is completely motionless with respect to space? The Earth rotates with the galaxy, which moves in space in the same way, so it is not possible to calculate where the Earth is moving compared to a completely dormant state?

Finaly back :)

For no good reason? My man, that alpha designator you disregard in place of (g-2)/2 is almost precisely the fine structure constant divided by two pi.

Does a photon experience time dilation? If it does not how are we certain of its speed?

@DrDon How do we know 0K or -273degC is the lowest possible temperature or this statement is not right? @fermilab

It's inspiring to see the curiosity that drives our species, but i was thinking - how would Scientists feel if an advanced alien species introduced itself and gave humans basically the answer to all the questions raised in such things as G-2 and dark matter?

yeah, but they did re-use the same Muon storage ring, didn't they? Don't you think that could be a problem?

3:50 If we follow the rules for rounding, then they agree in ninth digit as well.

I'm a green mind... does the g in g-2... signify gravity? I lost why you ruled out high mass low size but I'll work that out. Really cutting edge banging on what might soon be called old school lattice QCD... textbooks must be updated. You can gloat!

So the QCD predictions match observations with the recent lattice QCD computation. What about other models, such as string theory? Are there predictions there that match observations?

Sir I am discover g factor correct value of muon g-2experiment

No one explains as cogently as Dr Don

A particle with mass that weakly interacts with known particles? Sounds a bit WIMPy...

Sir we all know that charge creat electric field in rest and magnetic& electric field at motion due to it's property but why. what is that property . Means what is the phenomenon please explain Thank you And also read my query in ( why light slows in water) video

Indeed.