Will This Fix Laythe? 

I am not an expert in geology, so just stayed with what I know: physics 🙃

Totally agreed. The Breaking ground expansion confirms it bc you have some small geysers on the surface, suggesting a potential geothermal activity. So it is definitely possible laythe has a small tidal heating (supposing it has a tiny eccentricity eg: e

A core made of mostly decaing uranium

@@curious_ksp_ you should also consider vall and tylo since they're very close to laythe like REALLY close

@@Magi.. as this method i used overestimates the effects of TH, i found it not necessary to include the moons. It complicates everything by a lot, and it will not help us as we already are overestimating. So that is why i kept it like this. It just takes more time than is it is worth for, just for technicalities. Hope this helps.

I chose to ignore them, as those moons have minimal impact compared to Jool. I chose on purpose to simplify, because is makes calculations easier and it is not worth it to include the other moons. About the salt thing, yes you are right, i just made the video for fun, it is not a scientific paper, so dont take it too seriously Edit: the point of the salt thing is that you would need a ridiculous amount no matter what kind of salt probably. The conclusion: the salt is not enough to explain liquid water

​@@curious_ksp_ maybe all the factors, like the other moons causing tidal heating, volcanic activity, and abundant salt combined is the answer.

@@WillTFB i will revisit the problem in the future, and I will combine everything then

Something to keep in mind in the future maybe

Good idea! I'll do that for sure!

Maybe there's photosynthetic life saturating its atmosphere? That's always been my hypothesis

It’s probably just a big green sphere of green gas

It actually depends on the color of the gas.

The color of gas giants (not ice giants) depends on the composition of their clouds, and the composition of their clouds depends on the amount of energy the planet receives from its parent star, because the composition of the clouds depends on the temperature. According to the report, a planet far enough from its parent star is an orange or ocher series like our Jupiter and Saturn due to the occurrence of ammonia clouds, and closer to that, in temperature ranges similar to 0°C, it has a blue color like Neptune due to the influence of water clouds. So we can hypothesize that Jool's green color may come from the coexistence of yellow ammonia clouds and blue water clouds. Another hypothesis is that its atmosphere is filled with photosynthetic microorganisms, and another interesting hypothesis is that it actually contains a lot of chlorine gas, which is a green color. It is also similar to the idea that Eve's purple atmosphere is the influence of iodine gas. However, all three hypotheses seem to have limitations to explain Jool's very clear green color.

I can try, as we have some knowledge about planet and star formation, but there are actually still a lot of things that are not known yet about planet formation. The James Webb Space Telescope will probably help with that, as it is able to look through the dust of star system that are forming right now. I love the idea, so I'll keep it in mind!

@@curious_ksp_ Perfect !

And a lot of sulphur. This can drastically affect the atmosphere’s thermal conductivity. Because Sulphur is more conducive (0,269 W/(mK), compared to oxygen’s 0.02674 W/(mK)), it retains worse the temperature. This means that more temperature will escape. Btw I’m not an astrophysicist, but a 13y/o. (Flexing)

I could calculate how warm Jool would have to be to provide that heat, it is actually not that difficult, something I can try next time!

I think those effects would be minimal, as the masses of the other moons are several orders of magnitude smaller than Jool. It indeed does have an effect, but not in a major way like Jool I think.

My response to someone with the same question: I think those effects would be minimal, as the masses of the other moons are several orders of magnitude smaller than Jool. It indeed does have an effect, but not in a major way like Jool I think.

​@@curious_ksp_ I'd argue it is an essential component of the effect. The reason Io is so active is not just Jupiter but the interaction of the moons acting together in resonance COMBINED with Jupiter's gravity. The effect has to be taken into account in KSP because although less massive, the moons are even closer together (Too close even for n-body calculations), and the gravitational pertubations alone on Laythe's orbit would increase it's orbital eccentricity significantly (something that is sadly not represented with it's perfectly circular orbit). In my KSP worlds I give Laythe a slight eccentricity similiar to Io to reprisent this and also space out the orbits for n-body realism while maintaining the resonance. The greater the eccentricity of Laythe's orbit, the greater the tidal stretching on the planet as it moves through a changing gravity well. The forces are now much more dynamic and irregular which causes immense movement and friction. Energy is being traded between the moons and being dumped into Laythe in the form of this alternating eccentricity like a "Tidal generator" as the moons come into alignment once every Tylo orbit. Would this alone be enough to have liquid water? Honestly I think Laythe would just end up like a Volcanic hellscape in all likelihood. But perhaps it got lucky and found a perfect balance between boiling away from the heat and freezing from radiating that heat into space. Perhaps the fact that it's reasonably massive means the interior heat and relatively fast orbital period has given it a magnetic field and allowed it to keep the atmosphere, which in turn keeps the water. Without that extra mass the moon would look like Io. Now the only thing missing from the game is tonnes of volcanoes like Hawaii doting the land areas.

I assumed a simple model, as this is not a rigorous calculation, and it was was never my intention to be rigorous, because this is not a scientific paper. Including the other moons would make the calculations take more time, more time than I have for a youtube video that does not pay me back the hours I put in. As the most obvious cause of tidal heating would be Jool, I decided to address it specifically. I am not going to do hours of calculations and modelling for now, maybe later when I have time. edit: spelling, grammar

When n-body motion is implemented in ksp, the Jool system collapses. omg

It is tidally locked, so it always points the same way towards Jool, so the deformation will not change sadly.

Certainly could, i just assumed a simplified model for now, otherwise it would take much more time to calculate. And it would not be worth it, as we already overestimated the effects by multiple orders of magnitude. So maybe some more in depth stuff in the future, but that would basically turn into a scientific paper, and this is youtube lol

Due to the fact that the masses of the other moons are several orders of magnitude smaller, these effects will be minimal.

Yes, but it is negligible.

Maybe I am wrong, but I don't think radioactive heating is what powers plate tectnonics. Earths internal heat does power that, yes, but that heat is not provided by radioactive materials I believe. But in general some radioactive phenomenon could raise the temperature...

@@curious_ksp_ True. Admittedly geology is not my strong point but I definitely remember reading something along the lines of it started out hot from the planet compressing but one of the leading theories behind the reason it's still hot despite a lot of energy going out into all that tectonics is because of radioactive materials that sunk to the core. That might not be anywhere near the scientific consensus anymore though.

That would need an absurd amount, but maybe, i could try and calculate how much

I do know that is one of the reasons the Earth still has a molten interior, so maybe in combination with some other things it would make sense

The elements that caused the differentiation of the terrestrial planets and their precursors were not fissile. They were short-lived mostly neutron rich and some proton rich radionuclides which either decayed by electron capture, or the release of an alpha particle. These nuclides were mostly formed in supernovae and neutron star mergers. Although some could have been formed in the winds of massive stars. The most prominent nuclide in the heating was 26Al. The left over insulated heat is the geothermal heat we harness. We can also use these nuclides as chronometers for events which occured in the early Solar System and even before.

Yes, normally it would, but sadly Laythe is tidally locked. And thanks, I liked how this video turned out, so glad you liked it!

@@curious_ksp_ ohh I din't know it was tidally locked, that makes a lot more sense. Perhaps it is geothermally active, like other comments have stated? Huge respect to you for doing all those equations too haha

But Vall's mass is several orders of magnitude of smaller, so it sill contributes way less.

@@curious_ksp_ yeah i guess, but maybe its just enough

@@classic9567 it could be the thing thay tips it over the edge for sure Edit: i have also been made aware of some research that discovered that moons contribute more than previously thought, so you are probably right actually

@@curious_ksp_ cool cool

I don't think it is as strong as something like tidal heating, but I can make a video in the future maybe.

I think Europa mainly has liquid water because of tidal heating. That's why the outermost layer is frozen but underneath it's liquid.

@@lb2791 escusa me @L B but Laythe has an Open Air ocean and Europa has everything UNDERNEATH THE ICE! And you need water to be covered for tidal heating.

@@curious_ksp_ I wasn’t asking that thank you

@@mightyben4310 and i wasn't answering, I just disagree :)

Yes you can. But laythe is tidally locked, so in this case that doesn't happen.

@@curious_ksp_ Oh it's tidally locked too? Nevermind then >v

That is European notation. We use comma as decimal point.

@@curious_ksp_ that's very interesting thanks! I didn't know that was a thing in Europe

I don't know how the methane on Titan got there,, but that is not relevant I think. About that skeleton: yes it has to be water and that is the whole reason I am doing this, how is it possible? Instead of going "it is water" and be done with it.

lol

It does, that is why I added that 1,2 factor (1:22)

Yes normally it would, but laythe is tidally locked, always facing Jool the same way

@@curious_ksp_ oh

Multiple people have suggested this, so I will probably do a follow up video in the future discussing this possibility

Yes, so that means that it’s probably only the combined effects of tidal and solar heating that can get the surface to high enough temperatures to keep water liquid.

Yeet

true, but Laythe is tidally locked, so i just ignored it

@@curious_ksp_ it's tidally locked?

Might be, that is another thing I can explore in the future, but I don't think it is as influential as tidal heating would be.

Jool be a real h8r.

Which would be caused by tidal heating in this case, so it is the same heat source

goed geroken, mede kaaskop