Would Throwing Bowser Rip Mario's Arms Off? 

Thanks for watching Super Nerds! This was a fun one that took me right back to my childhood, and was actually suggested by one of you. And for everyone that has something to say about Mario's "canonical" height, I'll see you in footnotes. -- kH

Never mind his arms... What about that crazy grip strength he would need to accomplish this feat

Ripping people's arms off is indeed quite tearable.

Given the fact mario can survive travelling at speeds that take him into parallel universes, tossing a giant lizard is no big deal.

Would the answer then be "No?" Throwing Bowser DOESN'T rip Mario's arms off, spinning him around does. If he let go and threw him earlier, he may actually still have his arms intact 😂

Mario has a cannon height of 155cm and game theory has even double checked this in the latest game. This doesn't solve the scaling issues of characters between games but you could still just use mario as a ruler in 64.

I think the fact Mario is able to even lift Bowser indicates he probably has super strength

Isnt it established in every Mario game that Mario has some type of super strength? His ability to jump so high/far, ability to smash brick construction mid air, etc.

Mario is an immortal demigod, so nah.

Oooh. Also technically since Bowser has a really jagged shell, his legs are clawed and short, and most importantly he is clearly more of a landwalker. He should be a tortoise anyway.

"There aren't any consistent canonical heights for Super Mario characters" *Game Theory has entered the chat*

Today's Lesson: 550,000 Newtons, or 1 BF (Bowser Force)

No mention of the Galapagos Tortoise? The largest recorded examples are right at 6.1 ft and weigh in at around 400kg. Maybe not the size of your prehistoric snappy boy, but close to your calculated Bowser size.

I would think that if Mario had the strength to even start spinning him and get him off the ground, his ligaments in his joints would also be strong enough to withstand it. I based this on absolutely zero math.

Great video, BUT! there are 3 things you didnt have in mind... Someone who can jump many times their height probably has super human strength... Second, yeah, the arms are "the weakest link in the chain" but many strongmen have stopped 2 motorcycles by their arm strength... And those bikes are steonger than the strongest horse in the world... And third... When you swing something arround to throw it, you use the glutes, legs, back, core, etc... Ive been throwing small trees over a fence all weekend(obviously, none of them weighted more than me... But they weighted enough for me to understand what muscles are used for an optimal throw)

4:30 don't forget to calculate the length of Mario's arms for that circle! Mario would not be still, maybe he would rotate around the center of mass.

Let's be real: his arms aren't coming off, because his grip would fail long before his body would.

Kyle, my man, I am so sorry, I was very busy last week and I completely forgot, but happy 30th birthday!

Good show Kyle but not sure why you went with the mass you chose. You kinda glossed over that part quickly but it doesn’t seem to align with what we see in the game canonically. I’d have gone with the smaller stature and scale for Mario’s benefit. Smaller creatures have proportionally more strength per weight because of the way area/volume scales. A smaller turtle would also favor Mario. But I think even the 700kg is exaggerated. A terrestrial turtle would likely weigh less than a turtle who lives supported by seawater for most of its life. Also a bipedal turtle would likely weigh less than a quadrupedal one. So a 6’ terrestrial bipedal bad guy would maybe only be in the weight range of a gorilla, maybe a bit more with the Shell... but not an Archulon. We are talking 600-800 pounds, or around half the weight of the sea turtle. Could his arms survive that? I don’t know, but it’s probably worth checking since it seems way closer to what we see in the game.

he has a canon height but idk, shrooms? (the people in New Dong City are not our height.)

So it would be possible that mario would rip bowsers tail off .if he throws him away if he does not get the ripping arm thing .. too

*_DO THE MARIO!!! SWING YOUR ARMS FROM SIDE TO SIDE COME ON IT'S TIME TO GO!!! DO THE MARIO!!!_*

"Velocity of Bowser" would make a great name for an 8-bit retro band.

Why not just attempt to use the height in Mario 64, you know. The game you are scrutinizing. Also, he wouldn't be able to grip the tail with his hands at that velocity. It would just slip out.

Actually Mario has a canon height of 5'1

2:14 from a picture of mario from super mario odyssey I was able to derive that Mario's hat makes up 1/7th of his total length, which means (assuming that his hat was taken into account for his canon height) that his hat is 16 cm high. We can see that Kyle stands 4.5 mhs (mario hats) taller than mario, and his canon height is thus 112 + 16*4.5 = 184 cm tall.

Fun fact about being Drawn and Quartered by Yoshi. While there is no definite value for Yoshi strength, we can use some of his feats to get an idea of how strong they are. Since they can race along the E Ring, the furthest ring from Saturn, equating to a distance of 3- 8 Saturn radii and since Saturn's circumference is 227,350.777 miles [using its radius and converting it to circumference], then we multiply the result by 8x to get the furthest point of the E Ring. That is 1,818,806.217 miles. Since they cover the entire thing in 14 seconds, we divide the distance by the time, and that means they were going at exactly 129,914.729 miles per hour. This is roughly 70% the speed of light. Even if we assumed that Yoshi accelerated to this speed evenly over those 14 seconds that's still 6327.016 feet per second squared. Assuming Yoshi weighs 81 kg, this have a force per Yoshi of 512488.296 newtons of force. That would nearly explode Mario with how fast he would be pulled apart.

How heavy would Mario be to be able to spin Bowser without getting pulled by the weight?

Actually... In Super Smash Bros Bowser’s weight is 135. Pichu’s Weight is 62. Bowser is 2.177 pichu’s weight. In the official Pokédex pichu’s official weight is 4.4 lb. So basically: Bowser weighs 9.58 pounds

Mario is surprisingly strong for his size, he has canonicaly punted a castle. Throwing Bowser is no problem

I don't think Mario would care; he's jacked up on shrooms and is only doing all of this for some cake.

"yes, it probably would" Mario: *manages to pick Bowser up like a boss*

I guess its a good thing that he wouldn't even be able to accelerate Bowser to that velocity.

Dear KH. Mario actually does have a canon hight, which Nintendo confirmed some time ago. And it's 1,55m. Sorry to break it to you, though I hope you see this for the Footnotes. Yours truly -- AM

You could say being quartered was a *tear*able punishment.

Something I want to point out is that when being quartered, most people would already be dead. When that happens, the body immediately begins to lose some of its muscle (due to a lack of oxygen which leads to a lack of ATP in Rigor Mortis) and there's no chance of the person's limbs to counteract any forces put on it. Not saying that it wouldn't rip the arms off, sometimes there were problems with quartering even when they were dead so that someone would have to cut the arms and legs so that it would be easier for the horses to pull the extremities off. Even with those two points, it probably won't make up for the extreme forces (20x the world record for the strongest horse pull) that will be placed on his body. Thanks for giving me something to add for this video (I may know too much about quartering though). Great video and stay awesome!

when calculating the circle's radius at around 4:50, wouldn't you have to factor in the length of Mario's arm?

If Mario was such a strong boi then it makes sense how he is able to break bricks with his bare hands. Also goombas must be strong af to damage him.

Well if he can do this it makes the idea of him jumping so high and breaking bricks with his fists not so far fetched.

I appreciate the effort put into this but I think there's has been an oversight. He is not just Mario. He is in fact Super Mario. Able to leap several times his own height. Smash through bricks structures with his head and fist. With the absorbtion of a glowing star he actually becomes invincible. Great work as always Kyle.

Mario's measurement was incorrect as Nintendo confirmed that he was actually 5 foot 6 (around). The people are 11 foot tall. Love the show.

Wouldn't the rotation point be Mario's shoulders, or feet. Cause there is still the length of Mario's arms. Bowser ain't anchored to Mario chest. Would that change much of the calculations? BTW I love the show with all me squishy human heart

“It’s gonna take some amount of force”- The biggest understatement of 2019😂😂

I don't have anything nerdy to add, I just love the show. Thank you Kyle, very cool.

Maybe,if he doesn't fall over & let go first

A few years back all the physics stuff was just gibberish to me but now that I had few years of physics I know exactly what you are talking about and I can apply the stuff I learned in physics to the problems in the vid Sorry for my English

Well he is SUPER Mario. Dude is a hero with a hat.

"You are way too cute and whimsical for what we're about to talk about" I rewinded that part like 5 times lol

Mario don't you mean Red Luigi

According to Nintendo's official say Mario is 151 cm not 112 cm

While the numbers check out. One minor thing that could save Mario's arms would be the fact that he would simply pass out. As the G force acting on his blood would cause it to pool in his brain since he's at the center of the rotation the forces go up exponentially. And as you know squishy bois don't do too well with negative G's. Great show as always.👍

There is also the galapogas turtle which is around 6 foot, the same size as the height of Bowser you mentioned.

So technically speaking.. throwing bowser wouldnt rip marios arms off, swinging bowser would be the thing that would cause the arm rip-page... And as kyle knows... being technically right.. is the best kind of right ;).

Why do you sign your comments, even though you now have your own channel?

Loved the video! Please keep them coming and make one about defeating the T-1000 with science

"There aren't any consistent canonical heights for Super Mario characters" Clearly Kyle doesn't watch any of MatPat's 17.2 billion episodes on Mario physics

Mario? You mean constantly saving princess peach?

So long Gay Kyle.

He does prove himself super durable pretty constantly though. Mario can fall from any height, smashes his head through solid blocks almost the same volume as he is without so much as a bruise, can jump many times his own height, hold his breath seemingly indefinitely, kick cannonballs and missiles out of the air, etc, etc.

12:02 “...it would lessen or greaten the forces...” Greaten. A perfectly cromulent word.

Chiming in from work on this. >O The act of drawing was dragging the condemned to execution, bound and usually to a structure, behind a horse. Quartering was done by chopping the individual into pieces rather than pulling them apart. Having someone rent asunder by horses I can't confirm, but I wouldn't expect a slow and steady pull unless it was significant would be capable of doing more than dislocating joints. It would likely take repeated jarring of the joints, like starting at a quick pace and stopping to reset, to dismember a person. This would seem to be supported by your tensile strength numbers, where the skin and muscles wouldn't be able to hold the limbs together, but tendons and bones would remain in place and whole. Skin is elastic though (to a point) so for the dislocation of all of his joints, Mario's arms would probably still remain intact. The pain though would be excruciating, and I doubt he could hold Bowser for long, let alone do it two more times. The bigger issue is Mario as an anchor point for the spin: Mario is not nearly massive enough to counter balance big boy Bowser. Forget the arms, he'd need extreme leg and back muscles to be able to push against that kind of force. The moment Bowser started getting up in speed in the spin, Mario would be pulled along with him.

Who knew that Bowser's best disarming technique was to lay there and let Mario throw him. ;-)

First off, Mario routinely demonstrates superhuman abilities in his leaping and lifting capabilities. So, it's very likely he has the superhuman toughness needed for such feats. Second, the prehistoric turtle you mentioned would have had nowhere near Bowser's mobility on land, and thus it's likely Bowser would have a different mass; likely a mix of air pockets and differing musculature would make him lighter then his near-purely aquatic relatives. So, I expect a mixture of greater strength and lower mass would make this throw possible.

Love when you giggle through your impressions lol

Totally love that you described Mario as "humanoid"

1:17 swol is the goal

Mario’s grip would have to be tremendous! Even if your numbers are a tad off, which is unlikely because I followed along with them and they sound right, he would still have to have a near perfect grip to hold onto Bowser’s tail. Something along the lines of a C-clamp made of the worlds strongest material, lonsdaleite. On another note, that you somewhat got into near the end, Mario would have to be incredibly heavy; think 3’8” of Pu-244. He’d have to be that dense/heavy to resist wobbling at all as he spins with such huge circular velocity (huge referring to normal human movement-speed)! Love the show, by the way! I often watch and often comment the problems I see with your component considerations, or the lack thereof. Love this episode, though!

Well, you covered one of my thoughts in the last minute. I was going to point out that with their relative mass, the center of mass of the system would be inside bowser, so Mario would not be able to spin him without an anchor of some sort. Nice catch there at the end Kyle. We also did not consider the lateral force that had to be applied to get Bowser moving in the first place. While the tensile strength is a strong point of biological bodies, the torque required to accelerate to that spin speed would apply high stresses in lateral directions to the bones in Mario's arms. All this is assuming that Mario's grip and Kuppa's tail don't fail. In truth, there would be no arm ripping off. The point of failure would be wrist or fingers at worst, but most likely he would simply not be able to maintain his grip either due to strength and/or pain, or a simple lack of friction. As for mention of Mario's physical characteristics at the end there. I will point out that we are talking about a "human" that can jump 3+ times his height (depending on game) while having enough energy left over to punch through bricks. Even if we assume the bricks were magically floating and have no adhesive, so he was simple pushing/punching hard enough to scatting a one meter cube of brick across a ~9 square meter area, that is still a super human feat.

Great episode. Poor Mario. This mad me think of the track and field competition hammer throw in which the athlete spins around and tosses a 16 pound ball as far as possible. The world record toss was 86.74 meters. Assuming Mario was able to bring the same mad strength employed in his browser toss to bear on the hammer throw, how far would he chuck that sucker?

I feel pretty confident that Mario's grip strength would fail well before his joints would tear apart. Given that, unlike with quartering, the only thing holding him to Bowser is his own grip, that would leave him a little sore but mostly unharmed in the attempt.

The only thing keeping an arm on from a force in that direction is skin and the trapezius muscle, there's no real bone locking anything into place since the shoulder joint is so maneuverable.

he must have one hell of a grip, to hold on to the tail till his arms rip off...

I feel like the grip strength of his flesh mounds/hands would give out before any of these other forces had an impact.

Hey Kyle! Love the vids and really enjoy the content, but I think in this case there was a much much easier option for calculating the forces here. Why not calculate the velocity and forces needed to accelerate Bowser in the trajectory he flies at the moment Mario releases Bowser's tail? No rotational or framerate counting complications, just how fast and how far does the King Coopa fly? Is there trajectory to his flight? As always, big fan here and always looking for another perspective in relatively fantastical physics problems ;)

His grip strength would have to be greater than force needed to tear his arms off. During quartering victims were cut across the body prior to the horses taking off and very long ropes were used so the horses could build up the speed and momentum needed.

I think the square-cube law helps a bit here. If we reduce everything down to the 3'8" Mario scale (including the radius of the circle, the mass of Bowser, the velocity around the circle, and the cross-sectional area of Mario's arms), I calculate a pressure value of ~15 MPa and a force on each arm of 30 kN (7000 lbf). This cuts the Ultimate Tensile Strength required in about a third. Still likely to rip his arms off, but it's a lot closer than before. Always show your work: Height of Bowser: 4.6m -> 1.88m Mass of bowser: 2200kg -> 600 kg (scale down the leatherback sea-turtle from 2.0 m to 1.88 m. Note: scaling up the snapping turtle in this way gives 1000 kg, and the archelon gives 150 kg. The mass is inconsistent, so I picked the median value) Radius of the circle: 2.3m -> 0.94m Velocity: 24 m/s -> 9.8 m/s Total centripetal force: 550 kN -> 60 kN Area of each of Mario's arms: 0.005 m^s -> 0.002 m^2

Taking another approach, estimating the throwing distance at 20 meters, the angle at a optimal 45 degree and gravity at 1 g, we get a lower speed of only around 14 m/s at the moment of release. Which would more than halve the force on marios arms, but still surpass forces during quartering by a few times. Guess i couldn't rescue the poor little plumber with that.

Terrifying but amusing episode, Kyle! But what I'd like to know is how fast Mario would fly backwards after releasing Bowser if his arms didn't get ripped off by the spin. TL;DR - Mario might fly backwards at over Mach 4! If you assume that somehow (magically), Mario was applying a horizontal force to the ground to generate the centripetal force to counter the 2200KG mass of Bowser, then when he released Bowser, Newton's 3rd Law and all that considered, he should fly backwards at some velocity, and it should be proportional to the speed at which Bowser is thrown (24 m/s), scaled by some value based upon the ratio of Mario's mass versus Bowsers and possibly his center-of-mass distance from the center of spin (assuming he would have to lean back to brace horizontally, like Hammer Throw athletes do for a much smaller weight). Now if we go with Kyle's 112cm height estimate for Mario, and use the BMI index, assuming Mario's in his mid 30's and is moderately overweight, we get an estimate of around 37KG for Mario. This makes the mass ratio between the two approximately 60:1. Unfortunately, I couldn't find any information on how Mario's position would affect the resultant speed (most of the information on Hammer Throw physics is about the hammer, not the thrower), but we could still calculate a probably max-speed at which he would fly backwards: 24 m/s * 60 = 1440 m/s (approximately 3221 mph, or just over Mach 4). That's faster than the muzzle velocity of most handguns, and approaching/exceeding the speed of the highest performance rifle rounds (such as a .204 Ruger, which tops out at 1358 m/s). Maybe you could help me out with the missing piece of the puzzle? Whether the location of Mario's center of mass would affect his "recoil" speed? And if so, what would it be?

Couple things: 1st, the game footage you showed shows Mario is almost spinning around on his but. 2nd, Mario regularly punches SOLID BRICK, hence the Super in his name.

How you haven't landed a tv show yet is beyond me. Great episode.

Great discussion as always Kyle may I bring up a few turtle points. I understand if you chose archelon in order to make your mass and size estimates, but Bowser really doesn’t have the profile of a marine turtle. Sea turtles (and some freshwater turtles) are very flat in profile, whereas terrestrial turtles (and Bowser) have a more spherical cross section to help prevent being overturned and stranded on their backs. There are some terrestrial cases in paleontology that could be his real life spirit animal. For example, in prehistoric Australia Meiolania reached about half a ton in weight and 8 feet in length. But you really want to look up a picture of this guy: studded dorsal scutes, rings of spikes on the tail, a HUGE head... with horns! Mass estimates for any of these ancient turtles and tortoises is a tricky business, but even if you used Meiolania I think the results should be about the same for poor Mario.

Hey Kyle, great episode! One problem I noticed though is that you went ahead with using the full size of the ancient turtle instead of any sort of equivalent. If Bowser is supposedly 1.88 m tall, then the turtle you used was well over twice his size! Assuming the weight/height ratio for both turtles is the same (although I realize volume increases exponentially, let's just ignore that), Bowser should actually weight in at about 900 kg, nearly 1 ton! Then, inputting this weight into your equations while assuming a center of mass radius of 0.94 m and a time of 0.6 seconds per rotation, we get about 93,000 N of force on both of Mario's arms. Converting this to pounds, we see that each arm experiences about 10,000 lbs of force, around 3 times the expected output of one beefy horse. So, in the end, Mario would definitely still lose both his arms, but I think these values are a bit more representative of what the "real world" version of this would look like. P.S. If the bombs that Bowser gets thrown into are strong enough to fling him back to the center of the arena, wouldn't they be strong enough to seriously injure Mario, considering how close he is?

I’m pretty sure that much force would overcome the frictional force that his grip could generate before it ripped his arms off, so that bowser would slip from his hands first.

Hi Kyle! You estimated that Bowser is 4,6 m but in the footage form the game he looks like maybe twice as big as the bomb. The bomb looks like a standard naval mine which is about a meter in diameter. This will give us the diameter of Bowser roughly 2 meters (so it's quite close to the scale from Super Mario Oddysey you mentioned). Assuming that Bowser would still be an Archelon, just slightly smaller (a child maybe ;P), and scaling his mass down he'll be about 932 kg. Putting those numbers into equations (I've used your calculation for time) theoutcome is 103 kN total, about 20,6 MPa of pressure. According to Wikipedia ultimate tensile strenght of human skin is about 20 MPa so it may have not been so tragic for the Spaghetti Boy. Great episode. Such a shame I had to wait until today to watch it.

Kyle, love the series, couple of items on this one. First I'm pretty sure Bowser would be a tortoise not a turtle. Turtles are amphibious while tortoises are terrestrial animals. Over every Mario game I don't think I've ever seen Bowser in the water, so likely a tortoise... unless he swims in Lava or something. The other item you started to bring up at the end of the episode, what would happen to Bowser? Well if Bowser is a male tortoise in his tail is his cloaca. Cloaca's are the all purpose excrement/reproduction orifice for some animals. This means that Bowser's privates reside within his tail. So Mario is effectively grabbing Bowser by his twig and berries and then applying these forces to them. It's no wonder that Bowser stops moving once Mario's vice-like grip latches on down there.

I think it's more likely that Mario would get yanked off the ground before he were actually seriously injured. Scientifically based on the game, Mario would definitely lose some limbs as you discovered, but I feel like bowsers mass is too big for Mario to just stay put realistically. At his height he probably only weighs 65-75 pounds at most. So bowser definitely outweighs him. Mario would probably still suffer serious injury, but I doubt he would lose his arms in a more realistic scenario. Thanks for keeping it true to the game though and not thinking about realism like me though, makes the video much more entertaining

Hi Kyle! 2 questions: 1. What type of material would Mario's arms have to be most similar to in order to perform this Bowser Throw? 2. Even though this experiment is specific to that game, what do you think Mario's grip strength would have to be in order to hold on that long? In other games, Mario doesn't have nubs for hands, he has fingers. Would Bowser's tail just slip out of his grip even before he gets to a rotation speed that is fast enough to throw Bowser that distance (which seems pretty far for their sizes). Love the show!

Great episode. There are a lot of Super Mario questions I'm sure would be fun or interesting to tackle. How about an episode about Sammus and how she can shrink herself down into a tiny little ball to do attacks, jump in ball form to gain a more effective jump, as well as all the other fun stuff Sammus does in the games with that particular moves? Thanks again to Kyle and the Because Science team for a fun episode that took me back to my childhood days as well. I honestly want to hook up my original Nintendo and play Super Mario Bros. 3 now haha. Can't wait for the live episode later today and your "Science of Mortal Kombat" episode next week!

Ok Kyle I got a lot for you here. First I love ur show and also how u went through the different ideas of turtles, not giving ur final turtel showing the process. People often think that science and u just can magically bring in numbers and ideas, when in truth it is a trail and error process to get the best outcome. This shows how lucky my the process is for ur show. So wouldn’t the issue of mass of our fire breathing turtel be better if we did go with the snapping turtel? We have the estimated height of bowser and therefore the length so with what we know of snapping turtel can we make a ratio to cross multiple to get mass (assuming that they have the same body type and makeup). I also think that ur not giving Mario his credit of strength. This is a guy that break cubes of bricks (yes it looks like the bricks are cemented together so when it breaks the actual bricks are still intact. So it is just cracking the foundation of cement sticking to them together but nonetheless still strong. A lot of the strain would be on his legs (I think) and this guy can jump at least 5 times his height based on the newest Mario brothers game. This has a lot of strength for the little guy like spiders. MOST IMPORTANTLY the general strength is shown by his BUTT CLENCHING. The force of the butt clenching out of pain on his amazing. One touch of lava and the speed and force of the butt shoots himself what looks like five times his height again. If you know his weight and now the size u can figure out the force of the butt pushing him up. Lastly u talk a lot about you hair but what products do u use on ur beard? A lot of questions and can’t wait to hear some answers.

*_SO LONG-A-BOWSER!_*

... 120 Stars.. Also, there may not actually be as much gravity in the world of Peach's painting worlds to create as much gyrating* force during the spin! We know Bowser's mass, but on that platform, we dont know his true weight. This would help a little to explain Mario's incredible hops, but we're talking about Mario (he's high). Love the show!

If I remember correctly, in quartering the horses pulling never actually caused dismemberment. If you look at the depictions there is normally someone with an ax standing nearby to chop the person to pieces. There is no official recording of an arm being removed from being pulled by a horse, it is just a misinterpretation from what being pulled by horses was supposed to do. It is much more likely that the horse was just to cause extreme pain and make it a very public show before chopping the person into pieces. You can imagine how logistically difficult it would be to actually get all four limbs off this way. As soon as one arm was off your forces would drastically change and you would be very likely to injure one of the horses from the sudden give in tension.

There are a few more things that need to be taken into account here. The Mario games obviously take place somewhere outside of Earth, which isn't really mentioned aside from Mario's origin story. Wherever the Mushroom Kingdom is, the gravitational force is not as strong as Earth's because Mario is able to jump at least 3 times his height, or roughly 18 feet in the air, whereas maybe a skilled athelete on Earth could hardly jump 1/3 of their height, meaning that everything must be lighter in the Mushroom Kingdom, perhaps the reason why blocks float. Another thing to be taken into consideration is that Bowser might not be a specific animal. More than likely, he's a chimera of a human, a bison, and either an alligator snapping turtle, an archelon, or both.

Mario after throwing Bowser: 'Tis but a scratch. Us: A scratch?! Your arm's off!

But isn't it so that the ropes attached to the man/woman in question and the horse have slack first, so the horse could build up speed, and effectively aplying a much greater force on the body when the rope is straightened? Still, the point you are making is, with this in mind, very valid. Big fan

The tendon ultimate tensile strength is in megapascals which is measured as a force over an area. I might be wrong, but I’m pretty sure there isn’t a full square meter of tendons in Mario’s arms... so that 70 (some people say it’s between 50 and 100) megapascals should probably be reduced to the amount of tendons in the average set of arms. This goes for the skin, muscles and bones too.

I have a thought, given Mario's jumping ability, apparent strength and the fact that small wings on a hat are able to provide enough lift to allow Mario to fly, might we be able to assume that whatever world the Mushroom Kingdom exists in, has a lower gravity than our own? this would mean that much less force would be needed to throw a giant turtle some distance. ( and may also help explain the floating landmasses and geometry )

Mario would need some INSANE grip strength.

There is a point of failure not mentioned in the episode which is the grip strength that Mario would require to hold onto bowers tail. This would further be complicated further because the diameter of bowers tail is so large in comparison to the size of Mario's hands, which would increases the difficulty to keep a grip. As well as the fact that Bowser's tail tapers toward Mario, which also makes it harder to keep a grip on an object. The texture and composition of Bowser's skin would also play a part in this is increasing or decreasing the friction to Mario's hands. This does bring up an interesting thought where Mario's grip could be strong enough to partially deform Bowser's tail, which may negate some of the tapering issue.

Thanks Kyle! Fun fact, Browser is a Kappa. An ancient Japanese turtle demon, Who originally had bowls of water on their heads, they're weakness was if you bowed before them, they would have to bow back. Causing all the water in their bowl to fall out. This would greatly weaken the Kappa. Thus we get BOWser. :)