How-to's, tips, tricks and Distro Reviews! I'm a long-time Linux user, sharing info with both new users and veterans alike. Hardware testing and reviews are in the works.
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Thanks. I want to ask more, for example, I want to install packages in a repo that is not available in the software center, how to make me add it to Mirror?
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standards and structures: - `/bin` short for binary which is a directory for programs or applications. Basic commands and functions are stored here, i.e. `ls`, `cat`, `cp`, `mv`, `rm` and etc. These programs are necessary for the system's basic operation and are available to all users. Unlike `/usr/bin`, which holds additional user commands, `/bin` is reserved for the most fundamental binaries needed to boot and repair the system. - `/sbin` system binary is the same as `/bin` but for system administrator. Needs certain root permissions to be accessible. Not favorable location for installing programs. - `/boot` contains everything your OS needs to boot. Boot loaders location, kernel images, and initial RAM disk (initrd) files. The files in `/boot` initializes the system's hardware and load the operating system kernel into memory, starting the boot process. - `/cdrom` a folder for certain OS cd-ROMs. - `/dev` where devices are located, since unix system standards treat everything as a file. All external devices are being accessed and put to folders or directories ranging from applications to hardwares. - `/etc` etcetera and edit-to-configure, a directory for system-wide configurations like `apt`. Setting for systems, but for per User-specific settings we have `/home` - `/lib`,`/lib32`, and `/lib64` shared libraries needed by the applications so they can use it to form various functions. These files are required by the binaries `/bin` and `/sbin` - `/mnt` and `/media` where you find you other mounted drives: external hard-drive, flash-drives, network drives, or second hdds. In `/media` you will find your storage devices automatically mounted for OS to interact. Whereas in `/mnt` are the manually mounted storage devices. - `/opt` optional folder, where you install optional or add-on software packages that are not part of the default system. This allows all related files to reside in a single directory, making installation and removal straightforward. Includes custom configurations and possibly duplicate libraries. - `/proc` where you find sudo files, that contain information about system processes and resources. e.g. `cat /proc/cpuinfo` details for you CPU(s) information. Use-case for diagnosing hardware issues, optimizing performance, or verifying system specifications. - `/root` the root-users home directory or folder, it needs administrative privileges or root permissions to access it. It is ensuring that sensitive configuration files and scripts used by the root user are protected from unauthorized access. This directory is used for storing files, configurations, and scripts necessary for system administration tasks - `/run` runs in RAM because it is `tempfs`, files and directories are gone when the system shut-downs or reboots. Stores runtime information. - `/snap` store and manage snap packages. `Snap packages` are self-contained software packages that include all necessary dependencies. Snap package management system allows for secure, isolated application deployment and execution across various Linux distributions. - `/srv` where service data are stored, important when running network servers. - `/sys` a directory of virtual filesystem that provides a view into the kernel's device and system information. Particularly for managing hardware devices, drivers, and kernel modules. It allows applications and administrators to query and configure system hardware settings dynamically. - `/tmp` where the stored temporary files are created by the system and applications. They are being used in the session, as these are usually emptied after reboot, but can be manually deleted for remaining temp files. - `/usr` known as Unix System Resource, the user application space where applications installed that are being used by the User. This directory holds the bulk of user-space applications and utilities, including additional binaries, libraries, documentation, and source code. It is organized into subdirectories like `/usr/bin` for executable programs, `/usr/lib` for libraries, and `/usr/share` for shared data. - `/var` the variable directory, it contains files and directories that are expected to constantly grow in size over time of use. This is crucial because it stores data that changes frequently, allowing the system to manage variable content without impacting the static structure of other directories. It holds dynamic data such as system logs `/var/log`, spool files `/var/spool`, temporary email files `/var/mail`, web server data `/var/www`, and application caches `/var/cache`. - `/home` the directory for Users. Each user has their sub-directories and can only access their own unless granted administrative privileges. The separation enhances security and privacy, ensuring users have their own space while maintaining system integrity.
/var is various, not variable. Web root directories for webservers are often placed here, due to a historical default for earlier versions of Apache. (They tried to shift it but many web developers are just used to /var/www or some such).
Even the great Linux master himself Erik Dubois of Arcolinux (and Arch advocate) has repeated many time; If you have a slow ISP, then Arch is not for you. His statement was due to the copious updates that Arch rolls out.
[Raising this to top level] Note that /home is NOT a standard (and wouldn't be followable even if it were), and home directories can be in, and in large sites MUST be in, lots of other places. Developers who can't get this through their heads (like the Snap developers as of 2024) cause lots of trouble to large sites, and to users whose smaller sites are set up like large sites. The correct way to determine a user's home directory is to use the $HOME environment variable, explicit ~ or ~username expansion (or a utility function for that, like Python has) or to look it up in the user database through a library call - developers and users MUST NOT ASSUME /home/<username> is correct, nor even assume that /home itself exists.
The FHS states just what you said. But in the vast majority of distros being used for personal use, it is the way. Of course for commercial/enterprise use a lot of things don’t apply, including where home can be elsewhere, even mounted to a remote location. Though I’m not aware of any common applications that assume the /home directory location. Any code I’ve seen use the home variable, or DE setting.
Great video, but one topic wasn't covered. If I have data files on Wimdows that I have been using for years to keep financial data, reports, etc, can they still be used in Linux? If I dual boot, can they be used by both systems? Thanks
Thanks! Yes you can still access your windows partitions from Linux. You CAN also access Linux files from Windows but you need to install programs that can do that. The easiest way to dualboot and have common storage is to make sure you have a drive or partition that is NTFS to store all your commonly used files. This way you can access them from both OSes and
I remember my first System which ran Linux. It was Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, and I messed around with the system (I was 13). I tried many things until I somehow deleted my shutdown file and couldn't shut down my system any more xD well, I had to repair it by my self again. So I learned a lot of stuff during that time, especially I learned really fast English, because it was my second language and all the help I got was in English forums.
I know it's an old video, but what if i overwrite the whole harddrive which had Linux OS by installing Windows 7/10/11 then I want to recover my files that were in the Linux OS
there is a lot of good information in this video. BUT, the youtuber can NOT get to the point. Long drawn out explanation with a lot of unnecessary verbiage.
MsDos wasn't just a disk operating system! It was a rip-off from CP-M OS that Bill Gates stole from Gary Killdall after his mysterious murder in a pub fight and asked a local company to reverse engineer it that called it "Quick and Dirty Operating System". Later on he changed the name to Microsoft Disk Operating System and sold it off to IBM and become a billionaire by continuing the same theft style of doing business! Even tried to own TCP/IP the same way but did not succeed!
Guys, is it possible to install distros to lv partitions? Like i make them from first OS, and while installation new distro choose this lv? (LV from lvm)
Fun fact. The D in DOS originally stood for "Dirty" and is QDOS (quick and dirty operating system). It was changed to "Disk" for PR reasons since it managed all systems operations, systems, memory, ports, peripherals, etc., not just the disk. The concept of DOS being quick and dirty is exactly what made it intuitive and easy to learn, and superior to other alternatives at the time, and since.
I had the problem, that Gparted and Ubuntu wouldn't see my hard drive. Here is a quick fix: make sure to turn off raid in your bios (default in many laptops) and use AHCI instead. Also if you are using a WIndows Laptop, disable hybernation under "choose what opening the lid does".
After seeing the dystopian copilot snapshots that microsoft is shipping out soon, i'm now trying to migrate everything including games over to linus. That's completely unacceptable. Id give mint another shot
Good job on keeping it simple and straightforward. However, I think you downplayed the security concerns a bit. It’s not big, but there are vulnerabilities out there.
So beautifully explained! And I used the word beautifully instead of clear because not only it makes it crystal clear but it does it in a way which makes you appreciate the beauty of the LVM feature! Thank you for this lesson, it is so much clearer what LVM is.
@Doriandotslash as Ubuntu doesn't release those mini ISO installers anymore, what would you recommend? Just go with Ubuntu Server which doesn't have a GUI by default? I've noticed that even Lubuntu minimal installation includes all the desktop stuff and doesn't play great with some of my old hardware.
That's because college isn't there to teach. It's an indoctrination center. It's more concerned wether you are a leftist commie and despite White people.
I like how detailed you are when doing your demonstration. You're very clear and pedagogical. And you enunciate and pronounce your words clearly without a lot of uhms and ahs, which actually isn't always the case with all youtubers. Great work!
