Basal Ganglia (Direct vs. Indirect Pathways) 

See the globus Pallidus internus as the internal Police that NORMALLY inhibit the thief (thalamus) from movement (stealing); thus, if you inhibit the internal Police (the globus Pallidus internus), the thief is free to move about and steal (ie. The Thalamus can cause movement; which is the direct pathway of stealing). I hope this helps.

Great video as usual. What separates you from the rest is the fact that you can think from the perspective of medical students, try your best to simplify concepts and provide it in a easy-to-digest manner. But you also go a step further, by providing mnemonics and diagrams etc so that it actually stays in students heads. Far too often, professors and lecturers just care about presenting the material, without really considering the aspects that I've listed above. Thank you for all your videos. Tip: For all of you out there, whenever you watch Dirty's videos do not skip the advertisements and watch them fully. You'll be supporting him that way too!

This has to be one of the best videos youve created, thanks again Dr. Dirty

Love that you refer to yourself as Dirty

I started a new role as a MSL for a PD drug. This was the most helpful video by far t hat I have seen explaining these concepts! thank you so much for this!!!

This is a great video! I am earning my Master's in Speech Language Pathology and I'm currently taking a class on motor speech disorders. We covered the basal ganglia last week in class that included the direct and indirect pathway. I was so lost in class BUT this completely cleared it up with clear straight to the point explanations. Thank you so much!

I like yours. I'll add this explanation to help me more. Direct: Motor control to SIT. Indirect: EN breaks up SIT "MS EN IT: cannot SIT, INHIBIT MOTOR.

Thank you dirty Great Video as always .. probably watching this for the 4th time . BUT : I believe that there should be a black X or something clarifying that the step from (GPi & Substancia Nigra) to the (thalamus) does NOT occur in DIRECT pathway and this is actually part of the DISinhibiting(activation) . The same black X : in the step from GPe to Subthalamic nucleus in INDIRECT pathway , coz here the GPe is actually inhibited and this step does NOT occur and that’s why the Subthalamic nucleus is free Activating (GPi & Substancia Nigra) .

You are literally my number 1 recommended resource for step/comlex. I swear there is not a single resource out there that is as easy to understand/high yield as the way you put it. I really appreciate you making this videos free, truly god sent!!!

thank you so much for your videos, not only for MD students but for us PharmD students, the mnemonics are lifesavers

Literally you saved half of my day studying this thing again. Cant thank u enough.❤

Hello Dirty, you are beyond amazing! Thank you for your effort and contribution! This is very helpful! I appreciate it! :)

yea, it is impressive...superb explanation!! thank you thank you...a practice question for this at end would have been a great addition...maybe next video? MILLION THANKS AGAIN! Love seeing your channels growth, excellent job thus far!

Awesom doc .. always coming up with strategic approach in nailing the steps 🙏🙏

Thank you so much for this wonderful video!! 🙏🏻 This made my learning very smooth.

You are the modern robbin hood for medical students

Man, this is golden! Thank you!

Thank you sir. This helps us psych NPs as well! Went Johns Hopkins and they don’t even explain these concepts as nicely as you do.

Great videos! I am a psych NP student and find your instruction valuable. I wish you had more psychiatry specific material... ♥️♥️♥️

In your flowchart, the Substantia Nigra is displayed within the same box as the GPi. However, since it is located in the Midbrain, I think the illustration is more graphically accurate if it were to appear as input from another source. Also, you should discuss the stimulatory/inhibitory effects on Dopamine depending on the D1/D2 receptors.

Thank you so much! I have my Neuroanatomy exam in two days, and this video helped me clear my confusion.

BEST EXPLANATION EVERRRRR LOVE FROM PAKISTAN ❤️❤️

and this is why negative times negative = positive

Great but missing Dopamine effects on D1 and D2 in Striatum

I do not have words to thank you.

Another mnemonic. Glutamate is used in Chinese food. So if you're excited about Chinese food, you should remember that glutamate causes excitation. GABA is yelling at you in caps to stop, or inhibit. Hope that helps

Love this video as always. Just thought, an easier way to remember "MSENIT" is to think of Chancellor Palpatine from star wars saying "i M the SENIT". Works for me lol

Great video Dirty and im a big fan of you but in the last step of INDIRECT pathway, GP internus inhibit Thalamus ---> which will further inhibit the Motor Cortex and this will inhibit the movement. PLEASE correct me if I'm wrong, and the arrow in that case going from Thalamus to Motor cortex in indirect pathway should be red not green. my source is B&B videos. thank you

Omg you are my hero . You nailed this !! Thank you so much !!!

Really awesome. Thank you

Clear and concise.

So nice video, I was having trouble remembering it before and was making so lengthy tables for memorizing. Thanks a lot!!

hey dirty epic vids as always, one suggestion, can u make a vid about pharmacokinetics and its related BS... thx a lot

Thanks sir for this wonderful explanation...

Thank you so much! I feel lucky to find this video.

Wonderful presentation..thank you🙏

Heres how to make this video the best. 1. Draw a lever or like a car in park. 2. Change gears or take off the break hence internus and sbn then the car goes. Students would remember that well.

You guys rock for real

I m your fan your way of teaching is just amazing 🤩

Thank you very much for nice Mnemonic MSIT - driect pathway, and MSENIT - indirect pathway

Thank you so much for this amazing video

In IP the arrow leading from Thalamus to MC should be red then?

You had me all the way to 11:53. At first it seemed that the pathways both cause movement. The thalamus role inhibits and inhibiting thr inhibitor causes movement

So much helpful for such a confusing topic !!!

Well explained. Thank you.

Keep them coming please

Thanks a lot for making it so simple.

Thanks :-), It was very much needed.

for the indirect pathway, bc the thalmus is being inhibited by the turning on of the substantia nigra, shouldnt the motor cortex be inhibited as well?

Good lord I needed this

sir you make my concepts clear .. thanks a lot

I was looking for this subject last night, thank you very much

Thank you so much 🙏🏻

Seriously thank you for this

Thanks sir for this explanation

How pallidothalamic tract (GPi to thalamus) is responsible for resting tremors in Parkinson??Please help

THANK YOU VERY MUCH ❤

Hey , a small doubt…. Should the substantia nigra be at the top of the flowchart….. like SN inhibits striatum right ?

Great content!

Love this video, very informative

Thank you so much!!

I am going to use your video during my BG lecture today 🙂

Thank you so much

Thank you so much 👍 Plz make a Video on limbic system ASAP It will be really beneficial for me 😔

There is something that can be added on to make it more memorable.. DIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT INTO THALAMUS COME- COrtex STRAIGHT- STRiatum INTO- Globus pallidus INTernus THALAMUS INDIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT, GET EXTERNUS 'n GET INTO THALAMUS here, GET EXTERNUS is GP EXTERNUS, and, 'N is Nucleus(subthalamic), rest all same..

Thank you so much😊

the mnemonic is super helpful!!

Thank you for solving one of my Nightmares ❤

Do you have an explanation of the anatomy of a seizure?

You are awesome dirty!!!

Correct me if I am wrong , but comparing this to my school notes, in the direct pathway there should be a green arrow between the GP internus and Substantia Nigra box, signifying that we are "disinhibiting" the substantia nigra and allowing the thalamus to excite the motor cortex. For the indirect pathway, the red line between the striatum and GP externus is correct. The next line between the GP externus and the subthalamic nucleus should be green though, because the Subthalamic nucleus is being disinhibited. The arrow between the subthalamic nucleus and the GP internus/substantia nigra box is then therefore green. Because the substantia nigra is now free to inhibit, there should be a red arrow connecting it to the thalamus, and furthmore a red arrow from the thalamus to the motor cortex, because the indirect pathway inhibits movement.

Thank you sooooo much

At last...... found something amazing.

Needed this

Like renshaw cells in spinal cord..?

Thanks sir!

THANK YOU!!!!

thank you so much!!! you're awesome

thank you thank you thank you

Love the little mnemonics in between that you often come up with... Great video!

Can we say that bodies natural tendency is for the movement....... But SN and GPI works as a breaks as when they stimulate thalamus inhibits movements and when they stop stimulating.... There are no breaks on the tendency of movement......... And it will cause motor movement?

Thank you so much for this!

can anyone help with how the nigrostriatal pathway affects both the indirect and direct pathway?

omg*-* that was just perfect ,

wow.. nice video. very helpful

You're amazing

Thanks sir!!

Your classes are where you Excel :)

You can remember them by the rule of Math (-)(-)=(+) for Direct Pathway And (+)(-)=(-) for Indirect Pathway

Wouldn’t it be green arrow going to thalamus in case of direct pathway(since Substantia nigra is disinhibited)? And wouldn’t it be red arrow from thalamus to the motor cortex in indirect pathway since here motor cortex is being “turned off”?

I appreciateit. Can I make a donation to your canal?

great video

U just saved my life

If in both the pathways thalamus gets activated and sends excitatory signals to motor cortex,then how in indirect pathway thalamus inhibits motor cortex .if substantia niagra inhibits thalamus ,then why thalamus is shown as excitatory??

Thank your Dirty💖

In the Indirect pathway, net effect is "Turning off the Motor cortex. In this case The arrow/Line which is going from the Thalamus to Cortex should be in Red Colour. The Thalamus is Turning OFF the motor cortex in the End.

Please make a video on osmotic demylinating syndrome and Spinal lesions

I think its all good for memorising the pathway involved but the part that links this pathway to parkinsons needs abit more clarity. Substantia nigra (could be drawn outside of the box) is controlling the pathway of globus pallidus so when there is parkinsons this control is absent therefore the direct and indirect pathways are activated together causing resting tremors and rigid movements symptoms in a patient

Good job

Awsome