Do We Need a Negative Leap Second?

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Did you know that last year we had 28 of the fastest days ever recorded? Earth's rotation can be affected by a number of things, and scientists think we might someday need an unprecedented adjustment: deleting a second!
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Sources:
www.timeanddate.com/time/eart...
www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-fre...
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www.pmel.noaa.gov/elNino/faq
link.springer.com/article/10....
itunews.itu.int/en/NotePrint....
www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/Document...
www.iers.org/IERS/EN/DataProd...
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.c...
esd.copernicus.org/articles/8...
www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf...
www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~...
www.nationalgeographic.com/sc...
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Опубликовано:

13 май 2024

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Комментарии : 491

@SciShow 3 года назад

Go to Brilliant.org/SciShow to try out Brilliant’s Daily Challenges. Sign up now and get 20% off an annual Premium subscription.

@morrari690 3 года назад

Shut the F up! you must be kidding to think this is true... how embarrassing, keep it to simple science you truelly understand yourself ;)

@yeeturmcbeetur8197 3 года назад

@@morrari690 your tin foil hat is a size too small...

@morrari690 3 года назад

@@yeeturmcbeetur8197 tin foil hat works, I dont know why that even became an insult thing... do you even do science ? ;) let me guesse you are not familiar with latest development in the field of time/space ? or the math that is involved ?

@hasanmuhammad6651 3 года назад

@@morrari690 "guesse"

@yeeturmcbeetur8197 3 года назад

@@morrari690 I seriously think you need a snapback Tim foil hat. One you can loosen up a bit.

@FarhanAmin1994 3 года назад

The earth having 'a pep in its step' is probably the coolest thing I'll hear in a while

@FarhanAmin1994 3 года назад

Thank you for the likes :p

@ArealMrsSmith 3 года назад

I wonder if everyone laying on their couch, and especially far fewer flights on the globe, helped conserve enough angular momentum to make that “pep” possible... or if it was just 20/20 being 20/20.

@altheaunertl 3 года назад

I really liked the script for this one.

@kennarajora6532 3 года назад

gg on the favourite.

@istalrivaldr499 3 года назад

Even Earth was like "F 2020, let's get this year over with"

@healthya7975 3 года назад

The universe is trying to speedrun this decade

@matheussanthiago9685 3 года назад

honestly could you blame her?

@KaiserMattTygore927 3 года назад

@@healthya7975 You're more right than you realize.

@Jakey4000 3 года назад

@@KaiserMattTygore927 we're all going to die! Yay

@armstrong.r 3 года назад

The Earth may have been spinning faster last year, but it felt like one of the longest years of my life.

@jordanabendroth6458 3 года назад

I mean, 2020 was still a leap year, so it's in the top 25% longest years you've lived

@armstrong.r 3 года назад

@@jordanabendroth6458 Great point omg

@TheMightyWater 3 года назад

@@armstrong.r So time have never been fast for you? How?? You have a great peciption of time. When time goes faster you won’t notice it. Even if its 10x faster.

@TheMightyWater 3 года назад

Seems like time doesn’t go fast for you even 2021

@armstrong.r 3 года назад

@@TheMightyWater Our perception of time is both relative and experiential. Last year felt like one of my longest because of the stresses I experienced in my personal conditions. My comment was merely meant to poke fun at something that was factual but also too miniscule to actually perceive on a human timescale.

@ananyaravikumar5069 3 года назад

🤯 I knew the earth’s rotation could change speed, but I hadn’t considered its effect on the clocks. Thanks for keeping time, scientists!

@scmontgomery 3 года назад

My thoughts exactly

@TerryTurner 3 года назад

I blame Superman!🤣

@thecodewarrior7925 3 года назад

This is why dealing with dates and times properly in computers is a nightmare. It’s been 1617691481 seconds since January 1st 1970. Now tell me what date and time that is. Well that depends on leap days and leap seconds and all sorts of shenanigans like that. Lots of stuff you can’t program ahead of time, or stuff that’s complicated or may change in the future.

@ananyaravikumar5069 3 года назад

@@thecodewarrior7925- that sounds awful. Never really thought about what those in built date and time fetching functions actually do. Do you write those?

@MrAlRats 3 года назад

We should forget about the rotation of the Earth altogether as far as timekeeping is concerned and just use UTC all around the world. No need for time zones or adding leap seconds.

@jamesharmon4994 3 года назад

It seems to me that this difference is so small that it can wait until a leap year to adjust - either add or subtract a second from Feb 29.

@woodfur00 3 года назад

That's what I was just thinking.

@n3v3rm0r3 3 года назад

Or wait until Feb 29 is not longer necessary that's the dream

@jamesharmon4994 3 года назад

@@n3v3rm0r3 that's not going to happen until a year is an exact integer of days. Even 365.001 days would eventually require an extra day (or a whole slew of leap seconds every year)

@mariotheundying 3 года назад

So we are still gonna take away things from February, like June and August did (those months didn't have 31 days but the kings that named the month wanted an extra day so they took it from February)

@jamesharmon4994 3 года назад

@@mariotheundying i would not be opposed to giving those two days back to Feb, and make the Leap Day be Feb 31😀

@sylviaelse5086 3 года назад

Covid 19 has reduced the number of workers high up in office buildings, thus reducing the moment of inertia, hence faster rotation.

@Weromano 3 года назад

also we kept a bit more oil in the underground.

@sebastianedwards4668 3 года назад

(If you’re being serious ) You overestimate the mass of the human race. You can fit us all in the Grand Canyon and you’d barely notice.

@sylviaelse5086 3 года назад

@@sebastianedwards4668 I'm serious in the sense that the physical effect would be real. Whether it would be enough to be measurable is something else.

@MikeStinse 3 года назад

@@sebastianedwards4668 i would definitely notice being in the grand canyon.

@sebastianedwards4668 3 года назад

@@MikeStinse that’s just your anecdotal opinion. I’ll need some meta analysis / cohort studies plz.

@glacierwolf2155 3 года назад

Dec 31 11:59:59 PM: _No longer exists._ Hank: "How dare you!"

@pegasusted2504 3 года назад

that wouldn't happen :~) all it would be is like a second hand on a clock sticking for one second before continuing :~)

@PTSD_Guts 3 года назад

This stresses me out way more than it should, its just another reminder that nothing will ever stay how it is.

@DrPonner 3 года назад

And that is why it is important to learn to appreciate the impermanence and transience of everything.

@matheussanthiago9685 3 года назад

the only constant is change change and oscillating patterns in the nucleus of radioactive elements

@DrPonner 3 года назад

@@matheussanthiago9685 even atoms and their subatomic particles will one day lose energy and disintegrate into nothing

@Jacob-yg7lz 3 года назад

Except the electron fluctuations of cesium apparently

@robinhahnsopran 3 года назад

This one surprised me - never thought about this before! Thanks, SciShow.

@DIOsNotDead 3 года назад

soon enough, we might go: *5... 4... 3... 2... Happy New Year!*

@redcirclesilverx4586 3 года назад

2020 messing with everything from my pizza to the earth's rotation... this is your legacy 2020!

@explorelearnshare8222 3 года назад

Perception: 2020, longest year ever ... Science: nope

@kindlin 3 года назад

Science at its best.

@jordanabendroth6458 3 года назад

I mean, 2020 was a leap year, so it was considerably longer than the fact that the earth is rotating slightly faster

@ragnkja 3 года назад

1972 was the longest year in the Gregorian calendar. However, its 366 days and two seconds was nothing compared to the 445 days of the year 46 BC.

@yeeturmcbeetur8197 3 года назад

Damn. We spinnin fast 😔

@alexlandherr 3 года назад

Just think of us poor programmers that have to deal with this on a low level so that your precious data isn’t screwed up by weird clock errors.

@neopalm2050 3 года назад

I've heard that time is a huge pain to work with. There's time zones, leap days (and all the exceptions surrounding that), leap seconds, and now apparently negative leap seconds. edit: Oh, and daylight saving time too.

@joepgeuskens527 3 года назад

@@neopalm2050 Watch Tom Scott's video about this on Numberphile. His rant is absolutely hilarious

@ValoriYT 3 года назад

^^ Computerphile*, for anybody who's actually looking :)

@greenredblue 3 года назад

I'm fine with deleting a second, provided that when we're counting down to new years NO ONE sidles up and says "Well _actually..."_

@EnigmaticLucas 3 года назад

Probably the same people who insisted that 2020 was the last year of the 2010s rather than the first year of the 2020s

@theCodyReeder 3 года назад

So we are just ignoring the long term trend caused by the moon then?

@craigspaulding9711 3 года назад

So what your saying is that even Earth ITSELF wanted to get out of 2020 as soon as possible

@ananya.a04 3 года назад

Amazing video! Thank you for this new piece of information :)

@Lady8D 3 года назад

Ugh, that's my least favorite second of the year...it was the moment my first love killed herself (bc she thought she was doing so to save the world, she was schizophrenic). I miss her.

@kristalguzon2623 3 года назад

That's sad:((

@Kaitybardot 3 года назад

That's terrible, I'm sorry. Sending hugs your way.

@jonnyblade3234 3 года назад

We should all agree to get rid of daylight savings time before we even touch this

@Broockle 3 года назад

i'd like to just keep summer time all year round. I don't care if solar noon is at 12 or not.

@dgray7537 3 года назад

Make daylight savings time year round. 5pm sunsets are the worst.

@MrAlRats 3 года назад

Why can't we all just use UTC all around the world and just forget about adding or subtracting seconds or using different time zones?

@Broockle 3 года назад

@@MrAlRats UTC is great for global events like streams and stuff. But for schedules? It'd be pretty confusing, depending on where you are noon would be at completely different hours. You'd have to memorise where ever you go what time represents what solar time xD I used to think this would be great but after thinking about it for a long time I'm thinking it's not worth it.

@MrAlRats 3 года назад

@@Broockle There is nothing wrong with noon being at completely different hours at different locations. Remembering what time represents what stage of the solar day in each location is no harder than remembering which time zone you are in. You just look it up on a digital device. You only need to know approximately how many hours later or earlier people sleep or wake up compared to your reference location. An added advantage is that workplaces would need to decide what time they operate based on people's preferences locally. This could ease rush hours. People are going to be living and working in Earth orbit or the Moon in a couple of decades. Everyone should adopt UTC and forget about leap seconds as well. I think it's totally worth it, so fight me! ;)

@carson5879 3 года назад

Thanks Hank! I subscribed to SciShow's Patreon just to thank you for advocating not to cut my birthday short by a second every year!

@Master_Therion 3 года назад

Wha... What!?!? Now just wait a second!!! There, problem solved.

@WeaselWJ 3 года назад

I really liked Hank's presentation for this vid. Cheers!

@RicardoMoralesMassin 3 года назад

I love how this channel keeps giving me information about the World we live in, and funny words to add to my vocabulary. Now I can say "Hey wait a *Negative Leap Second* there buddy..."

@internetgnom8568 3 года назад

Hank is such a blessing to humanity.

@manualdidact 3 года назад

I had to learn about these topics for my job working on astronomy-related software (though I am by no means an expert). It was quite a revelation that UTC is not actually the ultimate time standard -- it's "corrected" with these leap seconds to keep it close to UT1, obviously not the other way around. (FWIW UT1 isn't really solar time, it's sidereal time for better accuracy, since the distant stars aren't part of a gravitationally perturbed orbital system). So despite our ability to keep time to a fairly high precision with atomic vibrations, the spinning of a wet, wobbling ball in space is still the ultimate authority for what time it is, and we can only get that accurate time by continously looking at the sky. The US Naval Observatory does this, and we download a data file from them regularly telling us the current orientation of the earth in terms of a time offset.

@larnotlars1717 3 года назад

Of course they'll pry it out of your "Cold, (not) Dead Hands"... it's freaking midnight in midwinter in Missoula Montana!

@pwnedyouwithpurple 3 года назад

Just having some Second thoughts.

@cynthiaaaa5204 3 года назад

This is the best comment in this thread.

@SacredCowStockyards 3 года назад

Well your hands are still gonna be cold, you don't have to be dead. It is winter in Montana, after all.

@pamelamays4186 3 года назад

So, days seeming to go by fast isn't just my imagination.

@FunnyFany 3 года назад

Imagine the new year's countdown. 5... 4... 3... 2... HAPPY NEW YEAR

@Tony-T. 3 года назад

Thanks for teaching me science

@paultheaudaciousbradford6772 3 года назад

This is so interesting!

@krishnamohansigarambotla4787 3 года назад

Interesting topic☺️☺️

@ChefSalad 3 года назад

UTC is abbreviated UTC to reflect that is it the Universal Time (UT), as Coordinated between the USA and the UK. This requires a bit of explanation. UT is basically Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as measured by the position of Earth relative to a set of distant quasars, and predates UTC by half a century. There are several versions of UT. UT0 is the unsmoothed time exactly as measured by those quasars. UT1 is UT0 with the errors introduced by the wandering of the poles smoothed out. UT1R is UT1 with effects from tides smoothed out. UT2 is UT1 with seasonal variations smoothed out. UT2R is a smoothed combination of UT1 and UT1R. UTC is an approximation of UT1 with the length of a second fixed to the length of the SI second. All the other UTs have variable length seconds. UTC is International Atomic Time (TAI, Temps Atomique International) with leap seconds added or subtracted occasionally to keep it on track with UT1. TAI doesn't track the Earth's position at all, and is just a measurement of the exact number of seconds since its inception. The reason UTC is UTC and not CUT is for two reasons: the French didn't want the abbreviation based on English, and the English didn't want the abbreviation based on French, and they both wanted the abbreviation to be the same in all languages; and to make it match the previous Universal Time abbreviation convention of UT??.

@Tsiskoko 3 года назад

Imagine the NYE chaos! 3...2... Oh wait what ahhh crud HAPPY NEW YEARRR

@WantedVisual 3 года назад

I am once again blown away by how well the pattern on Hank's shirt is matched. I know that's not the main focus of this video, but I really appreciate that he invests time and money into getting well-made clothes that look good.

@liambecker558 3 года назад

0:36 Hank is such an amazing host

@kingmuze8219 3 года назад

Earth was just trying to hurry up and get through 2020 like everyone else. 🥴

@deuteriumjones 3 года назад

Five ! Four! Three! Two! Happy new year!🎈🎊

@ConstantChaos1 3 года назад

Can I get a negative 23 years so I can be un-born? This shit kinda sucks

@jamesharmer9293 3 года назад

You think you're hard done by? I'm 55 !!

@ConstantChaos1 3 года назад

@@jamesharmer9293 works for me let's go back 55 years so my parents are unborn too

@GamerbyDesign 3 года назад

What the problem bro?

@ConstantChaos1 3 года назад

@@GamerbyDesign I mean this was a joke, im getting ghosted by my SO but I'm kinda over that so it really was like 90% just for comedic effect 5% clinical depression and like 2.5% being pussed at them The last 2.5% is just chaotic dumbassery

@GamerbyDesign 3 года назад

@@ConstantChaos1 Doing better than most people then.

@RaatTeeth 3 года назад

i love ur shirt hank

@stevelawrence5268 3 года назад

Nice vid sir.

@Thaumh 3 года назад

Also, earthquakes can cause adjustments to our rotation speed.

@SunriseFireberry 3 года назад

Yes, back in time! Next, a negative Leap Year.

@ZipplyZane 3 года назад

Seeing as we keep having to add leap seconds, I think it would make the most sense (due to electronic time keeping) to just not add the next one. Sure, if we stop having to add leap seconds for a while, maybe we get forced to take one away. But, if we do keep adding leap seconds, it seems silly to cause the problems that occur by taking one away, and then having the problems that occur for adding it back later.

@RevereShin 3 года назад

I didn't know I needed Hank saying "UNacceptable!!" in my life.

@origamiandcats6873 3 года назад

I love this type of stuff. I wasted so much time writing automated calendar stored procedures and applications. You can really get sucked into ocd quicksand. That and maps and origami.

@elinope4745 3 года назад

I still worship the sun. Have a bright day!

@deeb3272 3 года назад

Posting this video was just right on time. Bisayawaaaa

@kronos9301 2 месяца назад

Hal should have watched this video bro

@JohnJohansen2 3 года назад

Now, that explains why I was a little dizzy last July.

@80wolfmanrob 3 года назад

Like how they changed the initialism of Coordinated Universal Time to UTC instead of CUT.

@arnabkarmakar0000 3 года назад

keeping time is hell of a job

@RMoribayashi 3 года назад

Leap sconds can also happen on June 30th and Hank, it happens after 59:59:58 UTC so celebrate the addition or mourn the loss of a second at 4PM Pacific Time or 7PM Eastern Time or whenever 0 hours UTC is in your hometown. It will only happen at midnight for those on Grenwich time zone.

@BertGrink 3 года назад

Excuse me, Sir, but which day has 60 hours?

@RMoribayashi 3 года назад

@@BertGrink oops. Of course I should have typed 23:59:59. I'm use to dealing with fractional seconds like 59:59.99.

@BertGrink 3 года назад

@@RMoribayashi I did indeed suspect that it was a mixup of two different timekeeping methods. :)

@bcubed72 3 года назад

Even the Earth was racing to get 2020 over with.

@theoverseer393 3 года назад

Cool! Here’s hoping timekeeping stays consistent. I wonder how mars would do timekeeping🤔

@ayanomihiiro953 3 года назад

Milankovitch orbit effecting spin rate as well?

@daniyurie 3 года назад

Oh the famous mountains the Rockies, the Andies... Lol my brain took a moment there.

@sion8 3 года назад

The Rockies, I'll give you, but the Andes? They're super famous it is the home of the former Incan Empire.

@daniyurie 3 года назад

@@sion8 Yes, the Andes, not the Andies. Which was what my brain understood and took me a second to process that it was the Andes. Because the English pronunciation is just differ t from the original.

@JamesOKeefe-US 3 года назад

4:52 You mean IF the sun comes up... 😳 Weren't they moving around mummies or something recently, who knows what kind of daedric curse that will rustle up 😉🤣

@mfaizsyahmi 3 года назад

FInally a video from Scishow about the speeding up of Earth's days! I've been waiting for a video on this since last year but all the articles and videos out there are really clickbaity. Also I'm pretty sure the folks overseeing UTC don't wait for UTC to drift to almost a full second before they add/remove a leap second, but when it goes over 500ms from mean solar day. I want to see how all the software engineers deal with a negative leap second, because we've never had one of these, ever.

@WardFontaine 3 года назад

Isn't the leap second effective at midnight UTC? *My* 11:59:59pm is safe.

@devinm.6149 3 года назад

Is this why the second hand sometimes goes the wrong way for a tick or two?

@thasnipa597 3 года назад

No, you should get that checked out 😂

@devinm.6149 3 года назад

@@thasnipa597 literally every analogue clock I've taken the time to watch has done it at least once.

@regular-joe 3 года назад

@@devinm.6149 i never knew anyone else had ever seen that!

@noiteradical25 3 года назад

Earth speeds up Astrophysics :KING KRINSON

@twocvbloke 3 года назад

Probably best to look before we leap... :P

@mamapetillo8675 3 года назад

Ya know, I think the point when we begin to see the sun “rising”, and when it “sets” is a great indicator of time. But when you’re synchronizing truly delicate systems, for space exploration, for example, that just ain’t gonna do it. Ever since railroads necessitated a standard time, being on the same page has become highly important. Heck, people have found ways to mark time for millennia. This is pretty interesting stuff.

@Maxx-ll5ei 3 года назад

It's like daylight savings time for earth-time vs tech-time

@guillermoelnino 3 года назад

database admins: im gonna say... no

@lukewunderli4191 3 года назад

Explaining the complexity of the Earth’s rotation in 5 minutes

@curtiswfranks 3 года назад

I am sad that it will take longer to reach the next 23:59:60Z. I celebrated the last two.

@cynthiaaaa5204 3 года назад

If the cesium atoms started getting hungry, they might go back fo(u)r seconds.

@radix4801 3 года назад

In the same way daylight savings time is done at a strange hour where nobody would notice, they should take this second from August instead. Screw August.

@jeffmcadams6691 3 года назад

They do sometimes. Well, June, actually. Leak seconds can be added or removed at the end of December or the end of June.

@DB-thats-me 3 года назад

Did you mean leap or leak? I think ‘leak’ would work better. 👍

@enie6359 3 года назад

The whole video: EARTH'S WEIRD ROTATION WILL ROB OF OF A SECOND IN NEW YEAR ONE DAY! THEY WILL HAVE TO PRY IT FROM MY COLD DEAD HANDS! Also Hank: oh well, actually... it's fine :) (Hahaha I don't know why I found that so funny)

@rasputinputin8103 3 года назад

Wow! A full millisecond.

@shawnhale9034 3 года назад

Neat

@oracleofdelphi4533 3 года назад

If we're going to mess with time, can we first get rid of daylight savings?

@ficialintelligence1869 3 года назад

Amen! Edit: Can't be up-voted enough!

@adrienanderson7439 3 года назад

While we're at it maybe we should get rid of time zones too, I wouldn't mind if the sun rose at 10pm o'clock and set at 11am, we don't really need am and pm either, 22 o'clock and 11 o'clock. That way no mater where you go your clock is still right!

@TheInselaffen 3 года назад

It's what the EU wants and therefore it's not going to happen. - Hatty McTwatface.

@cjc363636 3 года назад

Hank, thanks for a phrase idea: Next time I'm totally baffled on something, I'll just say quietly, "That's not totally intuitive."

@RealHypocrisy 3 года назад

*waves emphatically*

@chanoname4940 3 года назад

can we please bring back bearded hank for just a few episodes? LOL

@GandalfTheTsaagan 3 года назад

"I'd like to make myself believe That planet Earth turns slowly..."~🎶

@IamTheHolypumpkin 3 года назад

Not mentioned but very interesting is, computer don't like leap seconds. It's hard to add an extra second to a computer and don't mess up the time critical systems. Don't forget for a computer even microseconds are like years for them.

@Bigsmoke11001 3 года назад

The Julian Calender was good enough for me.

@YCCCm7 3 года назад

"Slip second" is what I'd call it.

@theoverseer393 3 года назад

Sounds way better than leap-second

@DB-thats-me 3 года назад

If we have leap seconds going forward, shouldn’t we have fall seconds going back?

@YCCCm7 3 года назад

@@DB-thats-me Oooooh

@h7opolo 3 года назад

annie sings, "the sun will come up tomorrow, bet your bottom dollar that tomorrow, we'll lose a second."

@JudasProphet 3 года назад

Now I kinda want to hear a flat earther explain this.

@MrJC1 3 года назад

oh god please dont encourage them....

@KalRandom 3 года назад

There also having to recalculate it constantly, as it keeps getting faster that originally thought. Hmm, kinda weird when you consider all the planets in our solar system, are also doing something scientist have never seen before now.

@jimstar179 3 года назад

The earth is speedrunning the day

@Genchi_Violet 3 года назад

I figured the year was going quite fast.

@cheeseburgermonkey7104 3 года назад

When people talk about removing your favorite second:

@robbirose7032 3 года назад

What?

@raythegardener 3 года назад

TEN...NINE...EIGHT...SEVEN...SIX...FIVE...FOUR...THREE...TWO... HAPPY NEW YEAR!

@cedrickjamestabadadancel8399 3 года назад

Even Einstein cant get our cow on our backyard

@BenjaminGoldberg1 3 года назад

Other than the moon slowing down the earth, most of the forces mentioned sound like they ought to work out to net zero change in the earth's rotation. If the wind is somehow blowing some mountains westwards, then, due to newton's third law, the mountain should push the wind eastward. After having been repulsed by the mountain, the eastward momentum given to the wind will dissipate over the water and the land due to drag. In other words, momentum is conserved.

@kk2square 3 года назад

We should do Universal Century (UC) timeline already.

@Nitro-Blue 3 года назад

Was just thinking "wow, scishow hasn't uploaded today yet" and then yall just post one

@beneisen6982 3 года назад

I was hoping for a nod to sidereal days as well, accounting for Earth's revolution around the Sun as well as its rotation. Oh well, maybe next time.

@ResortDog 3 года назад

More Ice speeds us up

@dereklam1225 3 года назад

Can we say the El Nino/La Nina effect is just conservation of angular momentum, where the air circulation (e.g. 2:34) offsets the change in the Earth's rotation? If so, is the diagram for La Nina (2:34) in the right direction? If the Earth rotates left-to-right (i.e. clockwise) in that view, the air current would then need to rotate counterclockwise to conserve momentum.