Freezing water expands. What if you don't let it? 

Maybe it is like Highlander movies, II was so bad we all consider it never happened 🤔 /jk

"Ice II: Crystal Boogaloo"

Ice II froze to death.

It's ice nine you need to watch out for

There's like 9 different types of ice if i remember correctly

was entirely unaware that there were different types of ice and now I am in need of a video about it

look up Ice Age 3

This is basically the video on ice 3. This is the method used to get it, and the one important property, and how we found out it exists. Now, another video about ice 2 through 20? :D

There is a video called "Something weird happens when you keep squeezing" by Vox that also talks about these ice phases.

There are *many* different forms of ice. The most interesting is ice-nine.

Underrräted comment

IX is the best, but requires careful handling

Several of these ice types actually exist inside the Earth's mantle and probably other inside other planets as well. Above a certain pressure, when talking about gigapascals (GPa), eventually most things become solid, no matter how hot they are, and this includes water as well.

I love the theorized metallic water/ice. But since it needs terapascals...

Ice VII (7): Let's apply a ton of pressure to normally liquid water

600 atm are 607 bar and that is the number for -4°C. a car tire has around 2 bar.

Electrostatic forces are damn strong...

Does a container that can withstand those pressures really exist?😮

@@richardgratton7557 Yes you just need a really thick container.

@@richardgratton7557 yes it does exist but only with a very small volume where the pressure exists. it is basically a round steel ball with 10+cm wall thickness and a highly specialized valve. also another trick to do it is putting the high pressure tank inside a not as high pressurised tank so that the pressure difference between inside and outside isn't as extreme.

Non-binary..

Pauli Principle

@@abramrexjoaquin7513 indeed

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

@@abramrexjoaquin7513 ?

the term itself is a bit misleading since pretty much everything in the universe is compressible if you apply enough force

It's just a slightly different crystal structure that is only stable under very high pressures. So you can't really do anything with it.

It is not so odd considering people generally just come in to contact with you regular ice, water and vapour/gas. The other forms you generally see in just extreme conditions.

From Wikipedia, there are 19 ices in total en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice#Phases

@@Cythil but extreme conditions are extreme just for our common perception, lets say on some other planet or in some point underground they can be pretty "normal", so we must not judge on that just beause we don't see it regularly around us

@@5poolcatrush extreme = something outside what we consider normal. That's not judging, it's just convenient use of language.

And 3 minutes is still pretty good

@@MindLaboratory and pi minutes is a piece of cake

yeah, except it didn't explain, it just said there's two kinds of ice. could have been a 10 second video. now I've gotta go research "ice III" to learn the interesting part of the answer to the original question.

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

@@steveoh9025 ther are more than 2 that is why ice 1h and ice 3

Ice 19 that's how high

Is Ice 3 a final release version, or is it still in early access ?

@@scratchy996 it’s actually been out for a while, just a bit under the radar. Not as popular as the other ices, but still holds its own against them.

@@mileyardgigahertz we don't, trust me! That was one of the best ones in a school full of very good teachers. I had just finished at a school down the road and it was full of the teaching rejects. Awful school. Maybe someday I'll write a book but probably no one will believe it!

@@mileyardgigahertz The majority are just doing a job - not passionate about teaching like mentioned above. Passionate teachers in the US exist, but they are the exception. However, those that are both passionate and good at teaching subjects leave enough impact on the students that the students remember and talk about them later, so you hear about them. No one wants to remember the bad ones.

I have had my share of good teachers, who cared about teaching and bad teachers who cared about nothing, except keeping their job. I would say the main difference was that the great teachers, where secure in their living situation. No matter outcomes of students, and they only taught because they loved it. I also realize that I was only in good schools where teachers made living wage and students where raised well and respected teachers.

Mileyard American teachers are overworked and underpaid like everywhere else.

@@mileyardgigahertz Well, Thanks for atleast puting it out..

I loved Cat's Cradle and I was hoping someone else would mention it. It's fun to watch people react while I explain all the various subplots and the fictional physics of Ice 9.

yeah...but ice nine HATES ice 7...since 7 ice 9

@@patrickkilduff5272 lmao😂

@@chaotickreg7024 So *that's* what 8 Bit Theater was referencing... Red Mage cast Ice IX on a Bag of Holding.

⑨ The strongest!

usually we think of the gas/liquid/solid point as _the_ triple point, but you have a point (heh) that this is a explanation of a triple point

And temperature

And even a few kinds that aren't stable at ANY pressure or temperature and need to be formed from clathrates.

@@garethdean6382 clath what now?

Ice XIX is the newest form known to science, but it is entirely exotic and not able to be formed in nature. May there be more types to be discovered!

@@aaaaaattttttt5596 Basically a foreign compound around which the water molecules arrange themselves.

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

almost 2k atm at -20°c if you make a small hole, water doesn't rush out like crazy fast? could that be used to make anything useful?

They are extremely interesting. Especially when you try to learn about all 19 phases of water ice.

@@v44n7 idk about usefulness, but those exotic phases of ice probably exist on icy/watery worlds. Even in our Solar System.

@@blockchaaain Yep in fact they have found inclusions of ice 7 within diamonds brought up from Earth's mantle so even on Earth there isn't just ice 1 naturally occurring if you look deep enough down

That's a whole thing, probably longer than a minute, as different solid phases aren't concepts that just apply to water. For instance, common iron is known as alpha iron, while high-pressure iron can turn into epsilon iron, or hexaferrum. Carbon can be graphite or diamond. Oxygen has 8 different solid phases. The mechanisms involved in the creation of these are the exact same mechanisms that lead to the creation of ice III. The particles just pack into different arrangements because they don't have enough space to do what they'd do at the temperatures & pressures that we're used to.

@@KazmirRunik Dope

@@KazmirRunik And don't even get started on phase diagrams of mixtures (Iron-Carbon for example) at which point the number of possible phases "explodes" depending on how mixable the constituents of the mixture are. Oh the sweet memories of having to memorize the entire Iron-Carbon-Diagram at atmospheric pressure and be able to draw it in the exam. Material engineering ftw! :D

Complete with supercritical water

Yeah, I would like to see the video on water in the vacuum of space.

This video reminded me of this classic too! Great research paper 😂 also digging into weird banned religions that seemingly everybody practices

would be pretty interesting if it actually existed

Almost as interesting as Asimov's Thiotimoline.

You guys are a pack of geeks! I've never felt more at home.

You sound like you just made that up haha

Even cooler is that is technically possible if a planet is close enough to thier star to have a planet of ice that is on fire

@@mauricebenink Yeah, some ice only forms when it’s hot. And some only when it’s cold. And some under very low pressure, and some under enormously high pressure, it’s interesting just how many conditions will form ice.

I think I don't remember. Wasn't it ice 7 that formed 'hot ice' you could call it. I remember a lot of numbers being jumped over

I think there is at least one actual exoplanet like that.

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

It's not a short

@@calholli short in the sense that it's not a 15 minute video, not short in the sense that RU-vid is trying to compete with TikTok

@@calholli -😵‍💫

This is actually a useful property. Freeze driers work by freezing a thing and then dropping the pressure so much that the ice evaporates rather than melting

A long time ago I read a scene like that in a sci fi book (can't remember which, more's the pity). Some aliens drop a bomb onto the surface of Europa, shattering it. The water underneath boils and freezes all at once!

1850 bar is a lot of pressure. For a cylindrical mild steel vessel, you'd need about a 2.5" outer diameter to support a 1" inner diameter solid pressure vessel.

the whole point of the thought experiment is that it can handle much higher pressures than the random stuff you find around your house or even chem labs.

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

Bro you really think scientists and minutephysics would ask this question for a random household plastic or glass container? Maybe I just missed your sarcasm.

@@JoeARedHawk275 I meant it was a metal container 😅

I was looking for something like this

Non-binary is also just a regular phrase to refer to something which has more than 2 options.

CBSE gang here

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

You’ll come to regret calling it simple… the basics are but you’ll find out it’s a lot more complicated but even more interesting 😊

there are 18 differjt rypes of Ice...

​@@yaykruser ohh thanks.

Discovery channel did a good job of introducing people to science. The only bad thing is that 90% of the time is very outdated or sometimes wrong information. But we know that what makes them money is naked people ""surviving"" in very unhealthy situations, i hate average people.

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

@@yaykruser there's more, check wikipedia

Yep, a related concept is that of "superchilling". A liquid can be superchilled well below its freezing point but still stay as a liquid, but when some sort of external force or agitation is undergone, it will suddenly and almost instantaneously freeze.

@@LittleWhole Even more interesting is that a type of hand warmer uses superchilling to produce heat. Not the most effective thing but still interesting nonetheless.

@@ragingfirefrog I actually have a few of those reusable hand warmers, very useful where I live since its so cold in winter.

The soluabilty of a gas in liquid varies inversely with temperature. So the pressure from the CO2 would decrease. But afaik it is not dissolved in any ice that forms. Which means the pressure increases as there is less liquid to dissolve the gas.

I forgot 3 energy drinks in the freezer. A Coke Energy, a Burn and a Red Bull. The Coke and Burn broke the can and froze. The Red Bull didn't freeze. It looks like Red Bull is so toxic, it contains anti-freeze instead of water.

wtf 7 different kind of ice? what I've missed

​@@Ivancal72 Not 7, apparently 19. at least, last I checked. There is potential for many more.

@@xtieburn water is weird af. Life is remarkable for relying on it so much, although I do wonder how would nonpolar life look like

@@HercadosP like nothing probably, polar compounds are probably an important part of what even allows chemical compounds to have enough degrees of complexity to make life happen

@@Ivancal72 They're mostly different ways of arranging the water molecules into crystals. Because water is such a simple molecule there's a lot of ways to do that, but because of complicated physics reasons most of these ways are really, really difficult to make happen so we mostly end up with ice 1h

I think the gas giants have some. Although they have way more liquid hydrogen than ice anyways.

@@solsystem1342 Gas giants are supposed to have Ice XVIII (18). It's pretty wild. It's basically an "anti-metal" or something. Instead of having a lattice of positive metal ions in a sea of electrons, this has a lattice of negative oxygen ions in a sea of protons (hydrogen ions).

The Connections (2021) [short documentary]

@@VeganSemihCyprus33 Why don't you take a long hike off a short pier.

Just wait until you hear 'bout the other 18 forms of ice.

@@kindlin wait there’s more 😅

@@BAMTV-wz7jj So much more.... Water, one of the most simple and common molecules around us, is actually one of the most complex behaving molecules we've studied.

sounds like you would really enjoy watching some lectures on intro materials science! phase diagrams are super cool!

Waitll you hear about ice-9!

There are far more (water) ice crystal structures than just 3.

There are 18 known phases of ice. Probably more unknown ones.

I think I've seen the same video, because after reading your text I suddenly came to the realisation that I also first heard of Ice-types in such a condition. Thanks! :)

Hmm... Ice-1 is barely less dense than water. If Ice-3 is denser than water, seems like it would build up on the seafloor over time, potentially causing any number of awkward problems!

That ice-suspect kept me watching til the end of the video.

Since e=mc^2, yes. But no.

I like the way you think, keep being curious.

No. Mass doesn't increase with speed, gamma does. Here's a video explaining it very, very well: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-LTJauaefTZM.html Edit: Gamma, not Lambda.

@@SlimThrull Thanks for the video 👍

@@SlimThrull But if you increase the speed, the material will colide with the air and it will increase it's mass if the molecule in the air sticks to the material

That is going to be a long (but awesome) video lol.

I'm lost right away. Water can melt? lol.

Busted pipes in winter is what it looks like 😉

Well, most substances contract when solidifying, water is the exception, and it's the reason why the phase diagram is different for it as well

Almost every material contracts as it freezes. Water happens to have a unusual (near-unique) combination of a relatively dense liquid phase (due to hydrogen bonds) and the least dense solid phase it can given its bond length (different crystal structures have different 'packing factors' and ice Ih is the least efficient of any of the common crystal structures, if I remember correctly), and even then the efficiency difference is quite small and ice only expands by like 10%. But other ice phases have other crystal structures (this is actually the primary way a crystal phase is defined), which I think all have higher packing factors than ice Ih. So, pretty much every other phase of ice is denser than regular ice, and I don't think there are any others that are less dense than liquid water. There are like 18 of them and I didn't check them all. There are other materials with the same crystal structure as ice Ih, but their liquid phases aren't as dense as water's so they still contract when freezing, just not by as much as some other materials. For some reason the actual packing factors of various crystal structures are incredibly difficult to find online, outside of the 5 most common crystal structures that metals and stuff have. I can't find ice Ih's packing factor at all and I've been looking for like 30 minutes. You'd think this would be a pretty basic thing, as it's a very simple geometry problem, but I can't even find the parameters I'd need to calculate it myself.

@@Archimedes.5000 Ice 3 contracting is like North Korea becoming more democratic. It's normal for other countries, but still very strange for North Korea. Contracting while solidifying is normal for other elements, but very strange for water.

or how dry ice goes from a solid to a gas.

Ice-9 originally came from the book "Cat's Cradle".

@@WilliamLeeSims ...which came from this

iirc this has been partially debunked - ice below some temperature (minus 6 Celsius or something?) can't melt enough to support skating through pressure melting alone, so there are other effects that help skate

considering the surface area by weight of my ass, ice can support a skater quite well.

The 'Preface paradox' is a whole big thing about how a book noting that it may have errors in it is crazy. The 'Temperature paradox' is literally 'The temperature is rising. The temperature is ninety. Therefore, ninety is rising.' Paradoxes as a whole can be astoundingly dumb.

All the way back in the late 90s, the EU did a huge study to compare the quality of school education between member countries by letting kids take a number of voluntary, non-graded exams on a wide range of subjects. I was one of the kids selected in Germany, and the one test question I remember was to write a one-page reply to the question "What would be the effects on nature if frozen water did not float?" And it's really easy to fill a page once you start going down that rabbit hole.

It's a different crystal structure of ice, than the standard ice you normally experience.

Depends on the temperature. It either melts or sublimates. Just look it up in the phase diagram.

It would probably just spray out , did It with gallium and a steel ball : ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-bAlGdTTk7Kg.html

If it's close to the melting point (at that pressure!) it will quickly form ice I, expanding significantly quite quickly. If it's colder then ice III is more stable and the transition is slower.