The Mineral From Space That’s Harder Than Diamond

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Diamonds are known as the hardest naturally-occurring mineral on Earth, but some meteorites have been found to contain something that might be even harder. It's called lonsdaleite, and researchers are hard at work to make it themselves.
Corrections:
3:18 The carbon atoms in diamond and lonsdaleite both bond to four neighbors. What makes lonsdaleite stronger is how those bonds are arranged. It's a hexagonal pattern that is more resilient than the cubic pattern of diamonds.
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Sources:
eos.org/articles/rare-meteori...
www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073...
www.nature.com/articles/ncomm...
openeducationalberta.ca/pract...
www.kwthielmann.de/en/graphit...
phys.org/news/2021-03-lab-mad...
Image Sources:
www.gettyimages.com/detail/vi...
www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeol...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/ph...
www.nps.gov/articles/mohs-har...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/il...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/il...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/vi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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www.nasa.gov/audience/forstud...
www.eurekalert.org/multimedia...
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www.flickr.com/photos/8763834...
www.nasa.gov/feature/when-exo...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.eurekalert.org/multimedia...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/ph...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/ph...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/ph...
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Опубликовано:

2 мар 2023

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Комментарии : 695

@SciShow Год назад

Thank you to Wondrium for sponsoring today’s video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: ow.ly/4Hl450N4T1g

@JBFFSK18 Год назад

I enjoy watching your videos, usually. but today I'm just disappointed... 01:45 covalent bonds are definitely NOT stronger than ionic bonds... in fact ionic bonds have the highest bond energy (lattice energy) of any bonds thus being BY FAR the strongest! 03:12 WRONG! like so wrong it really hurts (again)! the carbon still has only 4 bonds it just crystalizes in a hexagonal structure. for carbon to have 5 bonds (which is technically possible, kinda...) you need VERY different conditions and these compounds are not as stable as to survive entering earths atmosphere, by far.

@alysdexia Год назад

Hardness isn’t isotropic nor isobaric, thus nc-TiN/a-Si3N4 I rad is harder. Everything occurs naturally; you mean natively, wildly. thin → fine; would → should; There..here: pick one; big → great.

@unarealtaragionevole Год назад

A thought experiment for you...we know what will happen if two planets collide, we know what happens if two planets enter the Roche limit of another...but what if we magically side step reality for a second and place a rocky planet directly on the surface of another planet? For example, what would happen if Mars suddenly appeared on the surface of the Earth in lets say the middle of relatively flat Australia? What happens to Mars? Will it roll due to its shape, compositions, or Earth's movements? Will it start to sink to the center with its weight/mass and gravity? Will it just crumble creating the biggest volcanic mountain pile in the solar system? What happens to the Earth? Its gravity, atmosphere, land/water, core.......?

@alysdexia Год назад

@@savage069 the earth is full of dirt-cheap diamond dust.

@bucketslash11 Год назад

so you're saying hexagons are the bestagons

@dabop8911 Год назад

CGP Grey Would be Proud

@kiittytempest Год назад

Always has been

@bernhardjordan9200 Год назад

Vihart

@DES.REVER.DESIGNS Год назад

I use that as a hashtag... when I make hexagonal artwork #hexagonsarethebestagons

@RustyRacer Год назад

Truth

@andrewlangendam4062 Год назад

Its great to wake up, have breakfast, and see a video about a paper you worked on for a decade! Thanks SciShow for spreading the word about our weird little rocks!

@TheMapleDreamer Год назад

You're a legend

@ethan-loves Год назад

Yoooo, thank YOU for your research!

@brokentombot Год назад

You rock fancy man!

@salt-emoji Год назад

Keep up the good work!

@heckyes Год назад

Epic af!

@PoseidonWasTaken Год назад

Small correction about the Lonsdaleite. It doesn't have carbon atoms with 6 bonds. It still has 4 bonds since carbon can can only form 4 bonds. The difference in material properties is entirely from the shape of its bonds. Diamond makes a cubic grids while lonsdaleite makes hexagonal grids.

@nyerovwonissiaphiar2195 Год назад

Thanks so much

@nyerovwonissiaphiar2195 Год назад

Looking 3min 14 secs into the video, I noticed the same thing

@EnriqueDominguezProfile 9 месяцев назад

Came here to say this. 👏

@yomeyo6622 Месяц назад

I was wondering the same thing! I was looking at both pictures they showed and both had 4 bonds. Thanks

@boydstephensmithjr Год назад

Lonsdelite is something I saw in a Minecraft mod. I had no idea it was a real mineral until this video. It turns out to be really awesome IRL, too!

@Salt_Master_Queue Год назад

Nice to see another Minecraft player

@Observer-O Год назад

My people.

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Now try unbelievium...

@SunroseStudios Год назад

oh which mod?

@boydstephensmithjr Год назад

@@SunroseStudios Environmental Tech is the mod name, IIRC.

@bioalkemisti Год назад

Auto-generated captions kept saying the hardest thing is Lawn's Delight and I think that was just wonderful.

@sofia.eris.bauhaus Год назад

my brain-generated caption did it too 😇.

@miaomiaochan Год назад

My entire childhood was one long "rocks and minerals" phase, thanks to geologist parents. I was a member of my school's Science Olympiad team for many years and won several medals in the Rocks & Minerals event.

@orangexylem Год назад

You rock.

@icanseeyou9820 Год назад

that’s so cool :)

@The_Savage_Wombat Год назад

Great! Now I know something about someone I'll never know.

@IanGrams Год назад

Hello fellow former SciOly-er 😄 I'd bet many of us have ended up as SciShow fans. Also if that's Major Motoko Kusanagi in your profile pic you've got great taste in anime.

@mustardpuddle Год назад

i eat rocks

@sharniek002 Год назад

"IF you went through a rocks snd minerals phase as a kid." Well, I'm perpetually stuck in that phase and now I'm studying to become a geologist 😂

@kelmirosue3251 Год назад

Same but not studying

@she_sings_delightful_things Год назад

Have fun!!! 😊

@paperclip7013 Год назад

This feels like the plot to a spy movie where the bad guy wants the super space crystal so he's got to smash to planets together.

@alexanderkruszewski7306 Год назад

That just sounds like a rad plot point for many Sci-Fi / Disaster stories: maniacal dudes who REQUIRE MORE MINERALS and can only figure out how to synthesize their spooky isotopes by going the old fashioned way and blowing up star systems. Then again, if you have enough power to smash two planets together, wouldn’t you have more than enough know-how to just synthesize it in a controlled lab environment? I guess that’s where the maniacal part comes in.

@vice.nor.virtue Год назад

That does actually sound super legit. After all, the plot of Avatar exists because humans need to mine "unobtainium" out of the surface of Pandora

@alexanderkruszewski7306 Год назад

Might as well take this precious opportunity to tell people to listen to Fun City (Shadowrun Actual Play podcast GM’d by Mike Rugnetta) where alchemically systhesizing radioactive isotopes of magical elements and planets colliding are not only major plot points but also the most incredible narrative experiences I’ve had all year.

@gabrielpetre3569 Год назад

At 3:18, carbon has a different lattice structure but its still bonding with 4 other atoms, not 6

@alexbistagne1713 Год назад

@castonyoung7514 Год назад

Wikipedia seems to agree.

@castonyoung7514 Год назад

Although might I ask why Carbon couldn't say, bond to 8 other carbons? If they each have 4 valence electrons out of 8 spots, they could hypothetically lend out and accept 4 electrons no.? I suppose the forces are such that any atom lending (to share) its electron to a neighboring Carbon will always be taking (to share) an electron from the same atom.

@massimocole9689 Год назад

@@castonyoung7514 Yeah, covalent bonds are typically a pair of shared electrons, one from each atom. Each lends and accepts an electron from the other.

@castonyoung7514 Год назад

@@massimocole9689 Oh, yeah, duh. I guess it was just the way that she said it that... Well okay I guess I should have known that before starting the video... I mean you can kind of see it from the graphics so I guess I have no excuse Other than she said that it could be bonded to 6 other atoms, so by that logic 8 made sense.

@brdsantos Год назад

Carbon in Londaleite bond to 4 neighboring carbons as well. What changes is the disposition of atoms through the planes (similar, but not exactly equal, as the close packing of similar spheres problem). The problem with the hexagonal packing is its anisotropic properties, which means that they change depending on orientation. That can be a big no no for some technical applications. Even though it's cool that there's a "harder" diamond, it's probably too expensive, rare and its properties probably arent different enough to justify its economical exploration. I might be wrong, though.

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Best comment so far. TY.

@MrMarinus18 Год назад

Actually graphite is very similar to diamond and is made up of the same bonds. The difference is that they form 2D plates of single carbon atoms and while the bonds holding the plates together are hard as diamond the forces keeping the plates together are extremely weak. This mix of hardness on a molecular level and softness on a physics level has led graphite to have some unique uses. For example the largest machines in the world use graphite as a lubericant. The strong bonds between the atoms allow them to support massive forces while the weak forces between the sheets means there isn't too much heat created. This is important cause carbon nanotubes are actually the exact same thing as graphite but instead of forming into flat sheets they form into tubes. Carbon nanotubes have the main advantage of being an excellent conductor of electricity while also being very resistant to being affected by chemicals as well as being very light weight. It's also exceptionally fireproof and will hold it's structure even under extreme temperatures. This makes it very useful in the space industry as their corrosion resistance makes them more reliable and their light weight and high conductivity is very nice when every single gram counts. On a rocket weight scales exponentially since a bigger rocket needs more thrust to lift itself so taking a few kg off a sattatile will scale down to the other parts and be very significant. The extreme heat resistance also means they are a conductor that can withstand the heat and pressures of atmospheric reentry. Another advantage that they have is that they are bio-compatible which means they have a lot of application in medicine. Very often it's the wires inside peacemakers and other prosthetics that are at the greatest risk of being biologically rejected. Carbon nanotubes can also be used in trains and other vehicles that rely on an external power source. Today they usually use graphite but this wears off quickly so trains need to go into expensive maintenance fairly often. A layer of carbon nanotubes, even if it's very thin could significantly cut down the maintenance needed.

@brdsantos Год назад

@@MrMarinus18 Graphite is very different. It has sp2 hibridization in a resonance structure (just like benzene) on the plane, and Van der Waals bonds between planes, while both cubic diamond and Lonsdaleite are formed by sp3 hybridized carbon tetrahedra, but stacked differently.

@athmaid Год назад

Aaah thanks I was wondering how this would even work regarding hybridisation

@IIARROWS Год назад

Yeah, that's another item in the long list of easily checkable falsehood spread by this channel...

@AlixL96 Год назад

Hell yeah, I always wanted to be able to tell diamonds that there are always bigger fish.

@TheYuleTube Год назад

There already are. Opals are way more rare, way more unique, and way more attractive in jewelry. Just, you know, not *harder*.

@RalseiGaming Год назад

@@TheYuleTube i know someone who owns around 120 thousand carrots of Australian black opal he has been cutting them for around 40 years and has a absolutely insane mineral collection.

@TheYuleTube Год назад

@@RalseiGaming That's super nice! I have a good bit, but nothing at all like that! Most of mine is lower cost Andamooka stones, still in the rough. I am learning how to process it myself. Still some nice stones to be had!

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Dogfish.

@cooltubes547 Год назад

@@TheYuleTube Ehh🤷‍♂️ I don’t think opal is that great.

@mandi8345 Год назад

The Mohs hardness scale is calibrated to diamond. Diamond is always 10. Its like how if the international kilo looses mass its still a kilo, because that item IS a kilo. Similarly, a Mohs hardness of 10 is always diamond.

@animefreak5757 Год назад

The kilo was actually redefined in 2019 and can no longer be varied (due to exactly the issue mentioned above) It's now based on a constant, i think it was on the plank number, but it may have been something else.

@lars-erikstrid2278 Год назад

Let's rock! Take it up to 11!

@hamiljohn Год назад

Loses, not looses.

@GrandpaHolzz Год назад

Whats also funny about mohs scale is how it gives a warped sense of hardness, it makes it sound like corundum is almost as hard as diamond since its a 9, when you look at a scale used by gem lapidaries that relates hardness to time spent for surface area removed, corundum is at 1000 while diamond sits at a whopping 140000 (and Topas at 8 only has 175)

@luisostasuc8135 Год назад

Lol that's a logarithmic scale for you

@jayman4566 Год назад

I remember having to do w report on this when I was in Chemistry in High School. It's one of those substances like Graphine is that when they figure out how to make itannd make it cheaply could have a massive impact on how we are manufacturing things.

@iagobkstar Год назад

Lonsdaleite atoms do NOT have 6 first neighbours. Lonsdaleite has exactly the same number of first neighbours and in (approximately) the same positions relative to the center atom than diamond. It's precisely in the second, third and succesive neighbours where we find a difference between diamond and lonsdaleite, changing the properties of the crystal! The same is true of FCC and HCP crystal lattices. Actually, this is where this all comes from, as diamond cubic cell (also called sphalerite structure) is a FCC structure with a two atom base, and lonsdaleite has a wurtzite structure, HCP with a two atom base. PS: I love SciShow, I've been a fan for many years but PLEASE try double check your sources. I happen to know a bit of crystallography (I'm a physics grad), but I don't know much biology or chemistry, so this makes me wonder if I've overlooked errors in other fields.

@jackg.3187 Год назад

I had the same thought. I've seen videos where they use a photo of the wrong species of plant. It does make you wonder what other errors they might repeat or explain wrong without knowing.

@albertmagician8613 Год назад

@ i wondered. How can an atom with 4 valence atoms couple to more than 4 other atoms. Involving the 2 of the inner shell, seriously?

@WhybridgeMeswim Год назад

3:16 each carbon cannot be covalently bonded to six other atoms

@dweebteambuilderjones7627 Год назад

Correct, it's arranged into a hexagonal lattice rather than a cubic one by having the bonds be aligned rather than staggered.

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

It can't and it isn't: it's bonded (in graphite/graphene) to three other atoms and one bond is free to keep the layered structure not falling apart. In diamonds it's bound to four other carbon atoms in a 3D structure and no electrons remain free for anything else.

@MaryAnnNytowl Год назад

From the PhysOrg link in the description, there's a quote: "If somebody said to you, 'look, I'm going to give you the choice of two diamonds: one is lot more rare than the other one.' Which one would you pick?" ~ Yogendra Gupta, director of the Institute for Shock Physics and corresponding author on the study. "Frankly, I would rather have something like black opal, instead. Clear rocks are boring." ~ me. Seriously, I've never had a diamond, and don't want one. Gimme a sapphire or amethyst, or like I said, a black opal, any day over a boring old diamond. I prefer my diamonds on the tips of saw blades or drill bits, instead. 😄

@foxbuns Год назад

What a strange "im not like other girls" comment

@michaelvaughn1496 Год назад

"Dogs are a girl's best friend". I laughed my ass off at that turn of phrase. If Lorelei had figured that out, instead of diamonds, she would have been a whole lot happier. Nice writing, SciShow team!

@myriaddsystems Год назад

It all sounds potentially dubious...

@ConsentDeath Год назад

Yikes

@RAMII19780529 Год назад

"Minerals rock" - These two words made me like this video.

@slowercuber7767 Год назад

And there I was wondering if someone had found a source for Netherite ... thanks for the great presentation of this really cool information.

@DashBolt Год назад

I believe either MatPat or Austin (blue text thumbnails) made a video saying exactly that

@DashBolt Год назад

Link to the video I meantioned ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-3Bxf2o27ykM.html

@CountGremlin Год назад

Can't wait to see Lonsdaleite in a future Minecraft update

@deer8071 Год назад

I'm surprised by the fact that I wasn't the only one thinking about this.

@Rimzler Год назад

It scratches at level 10, with deeper grooves at level 11

@VL4DST3R Год назад

Was looking for this, thank you.

@scottwilliams895 Год назад

@1:36 I'm surprised (and not at all surprised) that the list of bond types entirely skips metallic bonding. Almost all introductory chemistry textbooks do the same. Exceedingly frustrating to those of us with degrees in metallurgy.

@capnstewy55 Год назад

Her shirt also rocks. Makes me feel like I'm playing Cascadia.

@samsalamone1306 Год назад

2:13 - 2:25 The diamond reference photo is a Herkimer diamond (double-terminated quartz crystal)

@SPUDog Год назад

Really enjoying Savannah Geary's presentation in this video! Great host!

@wheelmangames5366 Год назад

"Minerals ROCK!" HA! Good One!

@caleschley Год назад

Great delivery! Thanks for the info.

@KnightsWithoutATable Год назад

This was something I did not know anything about and the odd forms of carbon was something I was keeping an eye on for a while. Guess I stopped digging just as things get really interesting after synthetic diamond coating surfaces and all the uses for bucky balls. Harder than diamond material could be very useful for material science.

@Astronomator Год назад

I find this very exciting. I see the development of techniques to synthesize Lonsdaleite as bringing us one step closer to synthesizing Quantium-40 and thereby developing hyperspace Jumpgate technology. Not to mention *even more effective* saw blades. Woo!

@Manacra13 Год назад

Great. Now we’re gonna find some alien civilization with Lonsdaleite armor and we’re gonna have no way to pierce it and get conquered.

@macieleigh9682 Год назад

This channel has taught me so much!

@gaius_enceladus Год назад

I loooove rocks and minerals! I'm not from the US but from what I've seen, the States has so many great places to go fossicking! In particular, the loads of old abandoned mines up in the mountains in the western states. Some outcrops and streams up in the hills seem to be good too.

@Michael500ca Год назад

Villian: Your name? Bond: Bond, Chemical Bond. Villian: Here comes Oxygen! Bond: Oh oh!

@SlaughdaradioLLC Год назад

Learn so much from this channel 💯

@saygr8 Год назад

Just a simple correction: Ionic Bonds ARE stronger than equivalent covalent bonds. In fact, Ionic Bonds are the strongest bonds between atoms and the strength of any bond can be measured by the energy required to break them apart. And Ionic bonds requires significantly more energy than Covalent bonds.

@saygr8 Год назад

This video is filled with errors. I appreciate the news they’re trying to convey but the inaccuracies are just a bit too much.

@stephanieparker1250 Год назад

I love how the image of the two planets colliding says “artist concept”.. darn I was hoping for a real photo of that event.

@LegendaryFartMaster Год назад

"Glass is glass and will break. And predictably, we see scratches at level 6, with deeper groves at level 7"

@travis2893 Год назад

Today's classrooms should be absolutely lit with this kind of information floating around the way it does.

@ariadgaia5932 Год назад

*snort* "Dogs are a girl's best friend." F*ing love it!

@Bludgeoned2DEATH2 Год назад

I always enjoy Savannah’s videos, their explanation is always clear and concise!

@Pim3211 Год назад

Give me hank!!!

@streetdoberman Год назад

This video was awesome, I like the chemistry explanation, this is good content, like all you guys do but is an even greater improvement. Add more sciences!!!

@HellOnWheel Год назад

I'm gonna name my landscaping business lawns-delight

@HellOnWheel Год назад

Because it's a hard job, but someone's gotta do it.

@Omniverse0 Год назад

Best presenter yet. Slightly more calm tone makes it easier to follow. Many others are a bit “hyper?”-sounding to me.

@diamondhunterTv5 Год назад

I found your video on the mineral from space that's harder than diamond fascinating! It's amazing to think that such a small, extraterrestrial object could hold so much power. The fact that this mineral is harder than diamond is truly mind-boggling. Diamond has long been considered the hardest mineral on Earth, so it's remarkable to discover that there is something even harder out there in the universe. I appreciate how you explained the science behind this discovery in a way that was easy to understand, and the visuals you used really helped to illustrate the point. It's exciting to think about what other discoveries are waiting for us out there in space. Overall, this video was both informative and engaging. I look forward to watching more of your content in the future! [Diamond Hunter Tv]

@helton3425 Год назад

I mean... Neutron Stars exist, and there are some that form such strong electromagnetic fields that could produce some of the sturdiest materials out there

@jamesd5366 Год назад

I'm going through a rocks and minerals phase as an adult thank you very much

@myriaddsystems Год назад

Hurray! A new Sci Show... ..show

@dru4670 Год назад

I learnt more about hardness in 1 minute than my entire materials course 😭😁

@707abhishek Год назад

Why are education institutions so bad at teaching? that's their only job.

@Frankeex Год назад

The new world of business models of education means we win :)

@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179 11 месяцев назад

Sounds like a skill issue. Like fr

@raccoontrashpanda1467 Год назад

Your animal jumper is amazing!

@carthage999 Год назад

Guys the netherite update is here.

@Manj_J Год назад

Very cool! It makes me wonder if there are other minerals out there in the void of space that we know nothing about because it doesn't occur naturally on Earth and we'll only discover it if it ends up crashing into Earth on a meteor or something... just goes to show how little we really know about our world around us and how much more there is still to learn!

@dieseltechie Год назад

One step closer to an unbreakable probe, the ultimate Prince Rupert's drop.

@chicostacos2 Год назад

Tom - "I'm not to keen on foreign food." Becca - "Trust me this meal goes 'hard'! You'll love it!" Tom - "Okay, okay. What's it called again?" Becca - "Lon's Delight." You heathens are welcome.

@noahnaugler7611 Год назад

What I remember from my research, was that Lonsdaleite didn't over-bond carbon, but instead followed a different cell lattice, which was stronger than diamond along one axis, though slightly softer along the perpendicular plane

@salt-emoji Год назад

0:30 yes. 100% that

@ascung Год назад

Bruh, I'm still in my rocks and minerals phase

@hawklord100 Год назад

The hypothesis that Lonsdaleite was made from an exploding planet, or released from an exploding planet is typical crazy man guesswork. Dragons make minerals, check out the Safire project to see Dragons making elements

@alterego3734 Год назад

3:13 No, each atom is not covalently bound to six others.

@bbbenj Год назад

Thanks for the show.

@coryzilligen790 Год назад

Even for industrial uses, it's not necessarily going to be a clear "this is better, we're going to switch to this" situation. From the sounds of it, lonsdalite might end up being a lot more difficult and expensive to produce, which would force businesses to decide whether the extra durability will be worth the extra cost -- and in many cases, continuing to use the diamond-tipped blades will likely be the more cost-effective option.

@mateusnicolinibezerra9757 Год назад

This stuff is fascinating

@SuperPersianLord Год назад

My uncle found a meteorite. We tried to plane one side flat with a ceramic hardwheel on a grinder. It remains the hardest object I've ever tried working.

@theshuman100 Год назад

scientists recreate force that shatters planets in order to make better sandpaper

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Best abstract ever.

@andiralosh2173 Год назад

If I squint I can hear Lon's Delight. Lon is here for the hardest

@polarperlen Год назад

Industrial scale shocking of carbon into lonsdaleite can also be obtained by letting the carbon know that dogs are not all girls best friends

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Coal is then?

@davids7694 Год назад

'Decay into diamond' sounds so strange for some reason.

@savagemachinistalien348 Год назад

I want Lonsdaleite Tools! Really cool wonder if there are even harder minerals out there.

@guytech7310 Год назад

FYI: Hexagonal boron-nitride is harder than diamond and is found as volcanic mineral. Its probably also harder than lonsdaleite.

@thomasblackwell9507 Год назад

With the way I go through drill bits and saw blades, put me down for a couple of boxes of each. Now hopefully I won’t burn out another drill in the meantime.

@pallasiteroid Год назад

3:08 - "Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 6 other atoms." - This is not correct. It's 4 just as in diamond. Only the layering is different. ABAB rather than ABCABC. Putting 2 more non-bonded(!) carbons more near. This is coordination not covalent bonds. Thus only a moderately higher stiffness & hardness is to expect. Mostly more directional variation (aka anisotropy) as there is just one preferred axis now rather than four.

@pallasiteroid Год назад

Interesting trivia: Moissanite (gem grade transparent silicon carbide SiC) has a layer ordering which is fluctuating between cubic and hexagonal. Its like a diamind to lonsdaleite crossover ("dialoneite") with every second carbon replaced by silicon.

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Ech carbon is bonded to three other atoms of the layer only, they form a hexagonal lattice however and that's the error or way too simplified explanation.

@pallasiteroid Год назад

@@LuisAldamiz - You are referring to graphite. There it's 3 bonds in plane. Aromatic bonds. Each counting as one plus a bit from the added delocalized pi-bonding from sp2 hybridization. Diamond & lonsdaleite form 4 covalent bonds per atom. Bonds are out of plane in tetrahedral symmetry (as orbitals are sp3 hybridized).

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

@@pallasiteroid Aromatic bonds? That's new for me, I'll look it up... I'll try to smell them if possible. Anyway, I thought you meant graphite indeed, were you talking about diamonds instead? If so the bonds are four.

@pallasiteroid Год назад

@@LuisAldamiz - Yeah. I talked about diamond and lonsdaleite. I guess I got you confused with me talking about layering in those two. It's just a way to keep track of recurring placement and orientation of atoms. ABAB hexagonal sphere stacking (hcp) covers both graphite and lonsdaleite. The latter not layered by lack of covalent bonds but layered in the sense of a preferrential crystal direction. Side-note: ABCABC stacking in graphite is probably weakly metastable and hard or not to reach by anything but pick and place. Just a guess.

@gaddiusgaddium9082 Год назад

I feel like it may also be bits of a star that get stretched by heat and orbit. Especially considering the explosive method of synthesis. Like a bit of gas and mineral, spat out by a flare or other phenomenon.

@Sam-ct5qz Год назад

Sr. Lonsdaleite, knight of the hard table

@Zurpanik Год назад

That "phase" never ended for me!

@bemybff205 Год назад

"Check out how hard my rock is, bro" was probably how geology got started as a science

@jackdarbyshire5888 Год назад

Some dude probably scratched it with his braces 😬 😅

@op-yd2is Год назад

Glimmering, glistening, bone-chilling, slow-burn, genre-defining Gemerald!

@flapjackfae Год назад

So who is Lon, and why is this stuff his delight?

@Fellowtellurian Год назад

This narrator is an EXCELLENT teacher.

@ConnorSinclairCavin Год назад

Imagine a carbon structure made up of triangular pyramidal forms all bonding as a single super molecule rather than individual segments of loosely bonded groups. Almost nothing could break that.

@jamieyoung3770 Год назад

Every time I heard "Lon's delight", I kept thinking of spoo from Babylon 5.

@erfquake1 Год назад

"Sorry everyone, our experiment to create Lonsdelite failed miserably. All we ended up with was this lousy pile of diamonds."

@darinbauer8122 Год назад

Minerals rock! ❤ I like that it sounds like laundry-ite & in a volatile place like Star Wars' Kessel, such a mineral could be common. So at least we understand some smuggling & gathering methods in that galaxy. Yet it tells us of probable practices in the past & future of our own galaxy! So; YOU ROCK! ❤ TY!

@57boomer44 Год назад

My partner and i had fun playing "spot the animal" with your sweat shirt. 🤠 Edit: My partner wants to ask if you could please wear it backwards next time?

@ConstantChaos1 Год назад

The dog bit got me lol

@netgnostic1627 Год назад

Lon's Delight. Sounds like a good name for a future-tech jewelry store.

@hprotz6600 Год назад

So... the statement "diamonds are the hardest substance ON EARTH" is mostly true since natural londsdalite seems to be from space...? This was a nifty, very interesting video!

@thewalkingjuju Год назад

You had my sub and like, before you even finished talking! Your knowledge depth, is fascinating to me! Thank you! 🫶

@UnionYes1021 Год назад

Wow! Super cool.

@CorbiniteVids Год назад

Lonsdalite? HA! I could gum through that with my dentures behind my back. My trademarked Diamondium is twice as hard!

@christianheichel Год назад

Ok Farnsworth

@bomafett Год назад

Pencil lead is not pure graphite, but a graphite and clay mix. By altering the ratio of clay to graphite they can create pencils with different hardnesses.

@AURAXKIRA Год назад

diamonds have a tetrahydral lattice structure each carbon atom is bonded to 4 covalant bonds it can take and disperse force out along the whole structure thats why

@battleon81 Год назад

Never thought I'd see a diamond anvil.

@Thurcke Год назад

NASA astronaut Lodewijk van den Berg should be credited here for his research in the 1980’s of the growth of crystals in zero G.

@onetruekeeper Год назад

Asteroid belt likely has plenty of this stuff and possibly other undiscovered exotic substances.

@davidva8694 Год назад

Minerals rock

@h7opolo Год назад

i really enjoyed this vid

@Zeed_316 Год назад

I mean, if it only occurs in meteors, then that means that diamond is still the hardest natural material on _earth._

@nHans Год назад

In addition to meteorites, Lonsdaleite has been found occurring naturally in locations that had nothing to do with meteorites. However, its hardness is still an open question. The Wikipedia page for Lonsdaleite says that a certain face of diamond is harder than Lonsdaleite.

@AnonEMus-cp2mn Год назад

I’d be curious on a video regarding tensile strength and shock-proof materials. Everyone knows about steel cable and kevlar, but not how graphene and carbon nanotubes could potentially serve as viable replacements.