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5 More Mysterious Language Isolates. 

Che Languages
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Shalom, I am back with a second video on language isolates as you all loved my last video on the subject. These languages all have nothing in common except that they are alone in the world's languages, with no related tongues. Today we'll be discussing another 5 of these languages from all corners of the Earth.
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Sections:
00:00 - L'introduction
00:36 - Langue Un
03:24 - Langue Deux
05:54 - Langue Trois
08:07 - Langue Quatre
11:30 - Langue Cinq
15:56 - Fin
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Links:
Nihali vocabulary - en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Append...
Nihali spoken sample - • Words of Life Nahali P...
Additional information - The source I found is dubious as it could potentially be Kalto, also called "Nahali", which is not the same language as mentioned in the video. The description says that the language is Nihali, Nahali and Kalto, so don't take this as a definitive source.
Chabo vocabulary - en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Append...
Laal vocabulary - en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Append...
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Credits:
Production - me
Graphics - Microsoft PowerPoint
Recording - OBS Software
Editing - Microsoft ClipChamp
Samples - Wikipedia (yes it is a source), Omniglot
Voiceover - me
Disclaimer - All content is researched, written, produced and voiced by me. I and only myself own the rights to this video.
Extra disclaimer - I made a few pronunciation mistakes in this video, don't pull me up on it or I will tell you to read the disclaimer that you're reading right now ya putain!

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22 май 2024

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Комментарии : 156   
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
I hope you all enjoyed this continuation on language isolates! Let me know what you all thought of the video!
@aguyfromflorida4842
@aguyfromflorida4842 2 месяца назад
i think including features of grammar is a very good thing to keep doing in future videos cause i think it's important for this information to be spread in a video which people would learn in a way that we might not have learnt otherwise, and the length is fine honestly im not sure people have an issue with long videos
@ksiistoyiiwa
@ksiistoyiiwa 2 месяца назад
Just a quick pronunciation note: the place name Skidegate is pronounced (more or less) "skiddih-git" in Canadian English.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@ksiistoyiiwa The one correction I get for pronunciation is for an English name LOL. Thank you though, I had no clue. Canadian English has some really interesting pronunciations for place names which is something I've noticed before
@AvrahamYairStern
@AvrahamYairStern 2 месяца назад
Grammar inclusion was great. Huave was awesome btw
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@AvrahamYairStern thank you for the feedback. I'm glad you enjoyed learning about these languages
@janmelantu7490
@janmelantu7490 2 месяца назад
“I apologize if this video was too long” well it’s much shorter than most videos I watch
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
LOL I guess, I struggle with video that are too long but sole RU-vidrs will happily rant for an hour and expect everyone to watch it. I feel kinda bad whenever I make something around 20 minutes because I know myself I would be bored, but it does deem aa good amount of views seem to enjoy the longer videos anyway
@Purplecocobolo
@Purplecocobolo 2 месяца назад
⁠​⁠@@CheLanguages i know i haven’t gotten bored watching something 20 minutes as im used to watching videos that are multiple hours long. if you made an hour long video, id probably watch the whole thing.
@ldubt4494
@ldubt4494 2 месяца назад
​​@@CheLanguages what are you on about 17 minutes isnt long at all; theres stuff out there that goes 30 or 60 minutes. Your video is short to medium in terms of length.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@Purplecocobolo that's good to know thanks, but I probably wouldn't be able to make an hour long video myself
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@ldubt4494 that's true, I count it as long because I'm used to watch videos up to 10 minutes in length. I'm not a long videos kinda guy
@stevejohnson3357
@stevejohnson3357 2 месяца назад
A movie was recently shot in Haida but the actors had to learn their lines word for word from elders. Another west coast language revitalization attemp being made is Squamish, close to the Whistler resort near Vancouver.
@weepingscorpion8739
@weepingscorpion8739 2 месяца назад
Cool. I will need to check that out. Squamish I believe is the language that uses as a symbol for the glottal stop, and that in and of itself is pretty fascinating.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's cool! I see their revitalization movement must be going well if they came out with a movie!
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
It's interesting how much these languages have in common with Semitic languages, Northern Haida having pharyngeal consonants for example
@NeichoKijimura
@NeichoKijimura 2 месяца назад
It's a good day when an obscure linguistics youtuber uploads 🙂
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
I graciously accept my title as Obscure Linguistics RU-vidr, my goal is complete! Thank you for your support
@AvrahamYairStern
@AvrahamYairStern 2 месяца назад
Che Languages is the best
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@AvrahamYairStern that means a lot
@christopherellis2663
@christopherellis2663 2 месяца назад
Love it. My stamp collection got me into writing systems and language when I was nine, 66 years ago.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's very cool! I have a collection of Israeli stamps myself
@christopherellis2663
@christopherellis2663 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages💙💛❤️
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@christopherellis2663 thank you. Are you Romanian?
@christopherellis2663
@christopherellis2663 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages Australian, living in România. ( retired)
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@christopherellis2663 what made you move to Romania from Australia? Is it because it's cheaper so if you retire there you'd have a lot more money proportional to the local economy?
@GustafUNL
@GustafUNL 2 месяца назад
Very good video! My only request, unreasonable as it may be, is to include audio dialogue samples if you can ever find them. Those always give you the best sense of the language, naturally. But I understand it's probably difficult to find audio samples for many of these small, isolated languages. That said, this is my first time seeing one of your videos, and I've already subscribed! Very good channel it seems.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Not unreasonable at all, people have made the suggestion before. My only problems are what you mentioned, and also copyright. Plus I'm not too sure how to actually edit it in, I'm still not very skilled with my editing, I'm still learning. If you enjoyed this video, check out the part 1 to this video! I hope you enjoy the videos on my channel and welcome!
@GustafUNL
@GustafUNL 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages I've done some editing stuff before, this doesn't help with the copyright problem, but what I would do is use some audio recording/editing software, for me, audacity, to record the audio (You might have to edit the input source to your computer's audio output if it's set on your microphone.) and then import it to the video editor, for which I personally use hitflilm express, in which you can just drag the audio into the editor. I'd imagine other software would be similar. Lol, yeah I use all the free software but it works fine for me. Might not really be very helpful advice, I wouldn't be surprised if there's a problem simple advice like that couldn't help with. Your editing seems pretty good already after all. Anyway yeah, I will gladly enjoy your channel. :)
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@GustafUNL I've heard of Audacity, is it free? Thank you for the advice
@GustafUNL
@GustafUNL 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages Yeah, it's free.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@GustafUNL awesome
@miles8456
@miles8456 2 месяца назад
Makes my day when CheLanguages uploads!
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's great to hear!
@AvrahamYairStern
@AvrahamYairStern 2 месяца назад
Agreed
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@AvrahamYairStern thank you
@xeonicSR
@xeonicSR 2 месяца назад
very interesting, hopefully these languages still survive as time goes on
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's the goal, sadly some languages can't be saved however because no one is interested in preserving them. I like to think the isolation of some of these languages will actually help them to be preserved longer
@believeinpeace
@believeinpeace 2 месяца назад
Thank you. Very educational. I like the grammar and long videos are good
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's all amazing feedback thank you!
@gazoontight
@gazoontight 2 месяца назад
Another great one. My favorite is Haida.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you for the support as always! I'm glad it hear it, I think my favourite is probably Huave or Laal
@ikurasake
@ikurasake 2 месяца назад
Love hearing your voice
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you! I hope you enjoyed the video!
@rafalkaminski6389
@rafalkaminski6389 25 дней назад
I like this series to be continued.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 24 дня назад
THank you for your feedback
@jdogdoggo
@jdogdoggo 2 месяца назад
very interesting stuff
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you!!!
@jdogdoggo
@jdogdoggo 2 месяца назад
no problem bro i love your channel@@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@jdogdoggo thank you that always makes me happy to hear
@aguyfromflorida4842
@aguyfromflorida4842 2 месяца назад
awesome
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you!
@AvrahamYairStern
@AvrahamYairStern 2 месяца назад
Huave was my favourite, but I liked all the languages on this list too
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's great to hear! I'm glad you enjoyed the video
@AvrahamYairStern
@AvrahamYairStern 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages no problem
@awedelen1
@awedelen1 2 месяца назад
Huh. Very interesting. 🤔 I would not have guessed Chitimacha would have a link to Huave.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Well it might not, or maybe it does. It shares lexical similarity, but it could be via a third language? It would be cool if they were related though
@awedelen1
@awedelen1 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages I agree. It would be fascinating if it were proven true.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@awedelen1 I think DNA testing could give us some insight, but it's not always 100% conclusive
@bunk_foss
@bunk_foss 2 месяца назад
Lost my wallet just now. My day is better since this was posted. Thank you!
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
I'm sorry to hear about that man. Hopefully some language isolates did make it better, are you insured? A friend of mine got mugged recently but his bank was able to fully compensate him, check with your bank so you don't lose too much.
@amj.composer
@amj.composer 2 месяца назад
More Indians need to know about nihali!!!
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Definitely! It would be a shame to lode such a unique language
@tlatolcalli682
@tlatolcalli682 2 месяца назад
The grammar bits were pretty cool. And I would like to add that just because pronunciation isn’t perfect, It shouldn’t stop you from trying. You’ll get corrected by someone someday somewhere believe it.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you! I always try to be respectful and try to pronounce things when I can, but some people tend to complain. Of course I won't stop trying. And thank you for the feedback on the grammar!
@tlatolcalli682
@tlatolcalli682 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages I really like the job you’re doing here, Mr. So what if people complain? I’m just glad I got to know all of these languages and all these new people! I remember when I was barely learning English. It sounded so so cool and I didn’t give up! Even though I still need a little touchup in my punctuation and ideal idea arrangement: I still believe that I got pretty high up there, but it was because I had both the good and the bad perspectives on pronunciation. Because I was not enamored with my own mistakes.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@tlatolcalli682 thanks for the support! It means a lot and is good motivation for me to continue learning. Thank you once again
@skiti1720
@skiti1720 14 дней назад
Can you please do a video on Low Saxon/Low German varieties?
@mareksagrak9527
@mareksagrak9527 2 месяца назад
Oh yeah, Nihali! My favourite isolate from that part of the world. Minority inside a minority
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Yeah it's crazy! Korku I'm definitely going to have to talk about in another video
@mareksagrak9527
@mareksagrak9527 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages That definitely should be spoken of! As far as I am familiar with different cases of number borrowings (like Japanese borrowing Chinese numbers alongside with native ones or Kra-Dai replacing native numbers completely by Chinese ones apart from Hlai) Nihali is weird with having only the word for "one" (bidi/bada) native, 2-4 taken from Dravidian and the rest from Hindi (apart from 20 - iso which seems to derive from Korku). I just wonder what it could infer. Maybe yhat proto-Nihalis were hunter-gatherers who, like Piraha for example, knew only one-many distinction, than they met Dravidians, later indo-aryans and Korku? Or maybe sth completely different? Only guesses can be made Also it's so sad that Nihali has so little documentation. Nagaraja's work is the only bigger source I know so far. I also find it quite curious that when speaking about Hindu valley civilization, people tend to refer to Dravidian, even Munda languages, but proto-Nihali seems to be permanently skipped, even though it should be examined as a possibility as well
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@mareksagrak9527 good observations. I guess Nihali will be a mystery though because so much of it's vocabulary is foreign
@Dagrqv
@Dagrqv 2 месяца назад
It is very interesting with language isolates. In the map showen in the beginning, though, I would have expected to see Japanese and Korean. As far as I know, these are two isolate languages.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you for the support. Japanese and Korean are usually referred to as their own language families (Japonic and Koreanic respectively) due to the presence of other languages besides Japanese, e.g. Ryukyuan languages, and other languages besides Korean e.g. Jeju language
@dadsonworldwide3238
@dadsonworldwide3238 2 месяца назад
That Natchez native American connection is not a big surprise if you look outside of 1900s structuralism
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
What do you mean? Tell me more
@dadsonworldwide3238
@dadsonworldwide3238 2 месяца назад
@CheLanguages This is all speculation, but with 1900s structuralism, you know it's been very antithetical towards a lot of truths when it comes to such topics. since before the trail of tears what was once the Mississippians, cherrokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw etc etc personally was thought to have affiliations in the Yucatan Mexico and South America. But in much more recent times, a last tribe knowing this family Ties may have migrated just before the Louisiana purchase fleeing Mexico and whatnot. They may have fanned out some starting in goergia or Bama, then moved on into the French quarter or pushed over.
@dadsonworldwide3238
@dadsonworldwide3238 2 месяца назад
I was blessed to know my 1890s born great-grandmother and her other peers of the first gen born out of the Civil, many moved in own claiming 350 hectors on the homestead act land claims . These old women ,first-generation black slaves, 3rd gen white Irish, and Chickasaw native would Cann tomatoes and sew quilts because the men share cropped. And i was a kid listening to the old women gossip and that, of course, was one such topic that I found was more widely spread among the south is the connection the Natchez natives had with the Yucatan..
@dadsonworldwide3238
@dadsonworldwide3238 2 месяца назад
@CheLanguages I can vouch for their gossip being very different than ours today. So much of what those old folks knew was very well educated even from the most impoverished beginnings.
@dadsonworldwide3238
@dadsonworldwide3238 2 месяца назад
@CheLanguages This same source told me in 1970s about during the nepolianic war that British ancestors were visiting & writing letters home from ottoman empire turkey about the city of Enoch / eden described biblically at the mouth of the tigeris and Euporatis rivers. Of course, gobleki wasn't officially discovered until the 1990s, and it worked to protect the sites by not really letting those rumors spread. "I'd assume." But still, when it comes to the history of nations, people ,,places and things, these old 1700s-1800s classical American sources definitely hold value & benefit for those willing to give them the time of day..
@thekathal
@thekathal 2 месяца назад
hell yeah
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Thank you for the support. Which part dif you enjoy the most?
@SZYSZYSZYSZYSZY
@SZYSZYSZYSZYSZY 2 месяца назад
Hell yeah
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Hell yeah indeed. Which language was your favourite?
@SZYSZYSZYSZYSZY
@SZYSZYSZYSZYSZY 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguagesHard to say! I wish we lived in a world without human limitations because truly every language I stumble upon is deeply interesting and I wish I had the time and memory capabilities to remember in-depth information about every single one. Thank you for these videos
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@SZYSZYSZYSZYSZY indeed, ly only regret is that I'll never learn or save every language in the world. I'm glad you enjoyed it!
@flavi9692
@flavi9692 29 дней назад
Will you do another forggoten turkic langauges?
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 29 дней назад
I want to at some point, but I'm not sure if my viewers do. The last one didn't do so well
@Karymmm
@Karymmm День назад
Video on celtic languages next?
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 10 часов назад
Probably not. I've talked about them enough across several videos before. Check out my video on Iberian languages, on Revived languages and my Shorts videos if you want to see them.
@stanislavkocur3408
@stanislavkocur3408 7 дней назад
I have a question. I have a feeling that french might in next 100 or 200 years develop a tonal system. Why? In the 1000 or so years of its existence this language changed so much and was so reduced that many words sound the same. Though written differently, many words sound the same and usually each word by itself might not be understood without an context. Often it ks clusters of words that are cognitivelly identified rather then individual words. If this trend continues, I guess in next 100 or 200 years french might become dependent on a tonal system so that words can remain indetifiable from their sounding. What do you think? An example: pont (bridge) might lose its nasal sound replaced by a certain tone whereas peau (skin) will have a different tone and peu (little) yet another one.
@justaduck1664
@justaduck1664 2 месяца назад
Will you cover elamite
@qpdb840
@qpdb840 2 месяца назад
I hope so too and my city is an Elamite name Elam or Ilam ایلام or it’s religious name Hussein abad
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
That's a good idea for another time! Here I wanted to cover only living isolates though
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Awesome!
@justaduck1664
@justaduck1664 2 месяца назад
Wait xaida kil. Is the word "kil" releted to the uralic base worf for language "kel"
@smuecke
@smuecke 2 месяца назад
Definitely. Haida-Uralic language family confirmed.
@justaduck1664
@justaduck1664 2 месяца назад
@@smuecke now lets tie in ket and ainu
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
No way I didn't notice that? Altaic possibility??!!!!!
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Real
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Ket is probably in there somewhere
@hubb8049
@hubb8049 2 месяца назад
Is Zuni mysterious enough to be featured in this series?
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
Definitely, or maybe on my video on Indigenous North American languages
@hubb8049
@hubb8049 Месяц назад
@@CheLanguages Very nice! I'm looking forward to that vid
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
@@hubb8049 I'm glad
@SplendidMisanthropy
@SplendidMisanthropy Месяц назад
Anyone else associated Xaayda Kil with Eesti keel?
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
Someone else did. It's quite interesting, possible Altaic evidence? I'm still skeptical though
@bernardfinucane2061
@bernardfinucane2061 2 месяца назад
The translation of "our father" seems to be "Christian god" in Huave.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Interesting. Do you know some Huave?
@bernardfinucane2061
@bernardfinucane2061 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages No, just looked at the text in the video! Xeteatiun looks like Christian, dios looks like god in Spanish. Also cielo is heaven in Spanish. With three of the first five words such a close match, it can hardly be a coincidence. I also see mundo siempre amen and tiempo.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@bernardfinucane2061 Dios is definitely a Spanish loanword and Cielo too. I'd noticed these too, but not the translation you noticed so you might be right
@AWSMcube
@AWSMcube 2 месяца назад
Keep the grammar parts 👍
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages Месяц назад
Thank you for the feedback! I hope you enjoy the video!
@madizo9056
@madizo9056 2 месяца назад
Attend pourquoi le nom de ta chaîne est en français ?
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Ce n'est pas le cas, ma chaîne est en anglais. Mais, si ton ordinateur est en français ou hébreu, ma chaîne se montrera en un de ces langues parce que j'ai écrit des descriptions pour eux.
@siyacer
@siyacer 2 месяца назад
my hamster is a language isolate
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Real. Laal Hamster
@rupalibiswas5128
@rupalibiswas5128 2 месяца назад
এখানে সবচেয়ে মধুর ভাষা
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Indeed
@chandraathithan11
@chandraathithan11 2 месяца назад
கல் தோன்றி மண் தோன்றா காலத்தின் முன் தோன்றிய மூத்த மொழி தமிழ் மொழி
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Even older than Nihali or Harrappan? I guess we'll never know
@chandraathithan11
@chandraathithan11 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages you guess you will never know not we will.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
@@chandraathithan11 LOL
@p00bix
@p00bix 2 месяца назад
This video is almost word-for-word plagiarized from the Wikipedia articles on each language. Disappointing.
@mattsmith7772
@mattsmith7772 2 месяца назад
I disagree, I tried to verify your comment on the Hauve and Nihali sections as struggled to find any plagiarism, other than using images from the huave pages. Edit: On second review, the video appears sourced entirely from Wikipedia, and the narrator even reference Wikipedia by name at some point in the video.
@p00bix
@p00bix 2 месяца назад
@@mattsmith7772Try this then: On the left side of your screen, have a window with the Video playing. On the right side, have the Wikipedia article for Hauve. Some sentences are reworded and others are skipped, but every single thing mentioned in the video is right there in the Wikipedia article--and its all in the same exact order, no less!
@mattsmith7772
@mattsmith7772 2 месяца назад
@@p00bix I will definitely give it to you that the video is largely inspired by the wiki pages. Hopefully he dug into the actual sources… makes me wonder how many of the video essays I watch are just thinly veiled plagiarism😬
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
Well first of all, you can't really 'plagarize' a Wikipedia article, it's open for use by anyone. Secondly, there isn't a lot of info about these languages and though I did use some other sources like Omniglot for samples, Wikipedia usually has the most info about these small languages. Unless I pay a ridiculous amount for an Ethnologue account or comb through peer-reviewed articles, I'm not going to get much more info than the Wiki article already has. That being said, I did provide some more info on each language than what is just found on Wikipedia. I try and word things on my own a bit, but sometimes they're already well written. For videos about more well-known languages, I usually have the luxury of providing more info, but here with these languages, there wasn't much else I could do.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
It's not "entirely sourced", again Omniglot and Language Museum provided some samples
@alyaly2355
@alyaly2355 2 месяца назад
No way bro called Chad ‘Central Africa’. Also, real question, why do you always judaize flags? I have nothing against Jews, but you also did this with the Arab league flag, which kinda pissed me, as well as others, off.
@CheLanguages
@CheLanguages 2 месяца назад
I've never used the Arab league flag?! Also, it's a צ for Tchad צ'אד, it's just a letter in a script, doesn't mean it's Judaized (Aramaic also used Hebrew script, which we called Assyrian script btw). I wanted to create a distinction between Tchad and Romania. Also Tchad is basically Central Africa. It literally borders the Central African Republic, and it's definitely not North African culturally speaking
@alyaly2355
@alyaly2355 2 месяца назад
@@CheLanguages Not the Arab league flag I mean, but an arab flag. Yes, Chad is Central African, but not the Central African Republic. People can get very confused. Also, Chad is kinda culturally North African, especially the North. Over 60% of the population is Muslim and speaks Arabic. They have a unique group of Arabic dialects called ‘Chadian Arabic’ which are very similar to the dialect of Alexandria, for some reason.
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