Extinct Indo-European Branches. 

I hope everyone liked this video! I would appreciate some support if you did. Have a nice day everyone!

Do a video on Tocharian. It's the coolest of them all! My favorite at least.

4:52 Slavic languages are Satem too, “hundred” is ± /sto/ in all of them. And Indo-Iranian branch is also Satem, but it's not in Europe.

Today was supposed to be my 'no screen day' but I found this channel and now its going to be 'Ultra binge day'

Another great video from Yair! Glad to see you're still uploading!

This is such a cool channel. I loved your new John McWhorter Israeli voice from the intro.

interesting video, i always love thinking bout what could've been with these older languages

I love this channel so much.

9:38 Damn. From my experience with Coptic, I've started to understand that Greek in its hayday used to be a real language eater. First it heavily influenced other languages in terms of vocabulary, then altered their grammar, and fonally just killed them off. Pretty sad actually. And I say this as a native Greek myself

Hi I am a Kurmanji (kirmada) Kurd. I follow you with love. An amazing channel that should be discovered for anyone who is closely interested in languages. ☀️

Another great video on such an interesting topic! Thank you once again Yair

I wonder if we have enough documentation of Phrygian to do a revival... Amazing video as always

Good video!

uh ho you dared say Illyrian isn't 100% Albanian. Now the Albanians gonna be mad!

As a Greek, Phrygian felt like I was reading Greek, but a form that is completely incomprehensible. Moreover, some words like "kakoun" were identical to Greek.

Very interesting video! And yeah as a Greek person I have to say, I noticed many similarities with Phrygian!

Shalom and thank you very much for the video

I recently found out that Etruscan, which was wiped out by the Romans, descends from a pre-Indo-European family. I'd love to see a video of the relatively recently extinct language families in Europe and the world. It's crazy to think that a couple of millenia ago the European mainland had a dozen Basque-like isolates.

There is also the language(s) of the Insular Bell Beakers, whose language was replaced by Proto-Celtic

Amazing video! I personally think tho that Albanians are the descendents of illyrians tho it's a bit weird they only survived in the place where Albania is located today❤❤

Hi, I am amateur linguist who interest in Indo European languages. Your presentation was perfect but there are some extinct Indo-European branches like Anatolian, Tocarians. Talking about Indo-European languages is very difficult because Indo-European have many sub-branch and each branch have their own innovations. (1) Anatolian languages is the oldest attested Indo European languages. These languages are more archaic than many attested ancient Indo European languages. Although being archaic languages Anatolian languages verbs conjugation is very simple compared to ancient Indo European languages such as Sanskrit, ancient greek and classical Latin. (2) Tocarian branch. Tocarian is the another extinct branch of Indo European family. Tocarian branch is also very interesting branch because it is the eastern most centum language. Phonologically Tocarian is very close to western centum languages like celtic, italic and germanic. (3) Hellenic branch contains only greek. Greek is one of the most ancient Indo-European language that are still surviving today. There are many theories about greek language. Greek have many similarities and relations with Phygian, Armenian and many other Indo-Aryan languages. Greek is traditional classified as centum language but Greek phonology is such more common with satem language. (4) Italic languages. Italic languages are group of Indo-European languages mainly spoken by Italian peninsula before roman expansion. Italic languages lost Indo-European dual number and instrumental case but italic languages developed complex subjunctive system. Italic languages is closely related to celtic languages. It's very hard to show other italic languages because Latin was the only italic language doesn't extinct. Other italic languages are extinct for over 1000 years. But as far as I know the oldest italic language was Umbrian. Italic languages are divided into two subdivision latino-faliscan languages also known as (latinian languages) and osco-umbrian languages(sabellic languages). As far as I know, aside from Latin the well known attested italic language was oscan. Oscan was the most archaic attested italic language probably all seballic languages are more archaic that latin. They still retained separated locative case but Latin was more likely to use propositions. Sabellic languages full retained secondary ending but latin only retained for the first person singular. (5) Germanic languages. Germanic languages have strange features that are not founded in other IE language because proto germanic was mainly spoken in northern Europe. There are several hypothesis, before germanic speakers arrived northern Europe, there were unattested non IE language were spoken and these language merge with proto germanic. It's very hard to reconstruct proto Germanic because most of Germanic languages abandoned most of synthetic systems and become much more analytical languages. Although Germanic was centum languages germanic was pretty close to stem one. (6) Balto-slavic language. Balto-slavic languages are Indo-European language with satemic features. Balto-slavic languages are much more closer to Indo-Iranian languages because both of them are satemic languages. Some linguists said that Balto-Slavic and Indo-iranian were once single language. Some linguists said that Proto Baltic were centum language alongside with Germanic unlike slavic satemic language. But unlike other Indo-European languages balto-slavic fully retained dual number in grammar. Baltic language are much more older than slavic languages one theory shows that slavic languages are derived from west baltic language. Proto slavic was actually a dialect of western baltic branch and it dialect developed several grammertical innovations are become separate language but it was just an hypothesis. (7) Indo-aryan languages. Indo Aryan branches have two subdivision Indic and Iranic. Indo-aryan languages are highly fusional and inflected they fully retained all of 8 Indo-European cases, dual number and many verb forms. The oldest attested indo aryan language was vedic sanskrit. Vedic Sanskrit retained many of IE grammatical features that are lost in other IE languages. But later classic Sanskrit lost singular masculine nominative marker s ending. Whatever thank you very much Mr Yair. Have a good day.

5:41 😂😂😂 A for effort, but the name is actually Philippopolis, Philip-o-polis, the city of Philip

8:25 In fact, another closely related group were the Balkan Brygians, who spoke a very similar language to the Anatolian Phrygians, and the very name Brygian is just the Macedonian way of saying Phrygian, as the sound Ph had collapsed into B in ancient Macedonian Greek

Fascinating. I always try to imagine a paralel world in which those languages/cultures survived or at least existed for enough time to be recorded, also, i'm curious about something, did any word from those languages survived and exist in our modern day languages?

I hoped you would be talking about dacian...

3:43 this map is slightly inaccurate, as it also shows parts of the coastline, and a large part of Macedonia, which were historically Greek speaking

At least there is a common illyrian - albanian word that was mentioned in an ancient greek text: illyrian 'rinon' (mist) = gheg albanian 'ren' (cloud).

Does anybody know where Thracian came from? I’ve heard theories that it was an iranic language that migrated there, a paleo Balkan language, or even a hellenic language.

תודה! I wish people would be more consistent in using the word Türkiye with Türk or Türkçe though. Saying Türkiye and keeping the word "Turkish" instead of "Türk(çe)" is like replacing the word Spain with España and still saying Spanish instead of español, or replacing Germany with Deutschland and still say German instead of deutsch, or replacing Hungary with Magyarország and still saying Hungarian instead of magyar. You get the idea. But that's just my thought.

With so little sources available , I would like to ask if there is any connection between Dacian and Albanian . In Romania , some linguist pretend that some Romanian words are rooted in Dacian language on the basis of their similarity with Albanian words . Or they say that those words which do not have a clear origin , should be rooted in Dacian language . I strongly disprove this theory and I see words similar with Albanian ones, as being brought by Vlach migration north of Danube . From Dacian language , we only have for sure, 20 names of plants translated in the era by a Greek . The rest are all suppositions . No inscriptions , no books remained after Dacians . Also origins of the Dacians is cloudy, in my opinion - not fully Thracian , but a late mixture of Getae with Sarmatians settled over an older Iranic population , named Agathyrsi and Celts . There is a similarity in toponyms - called -dava in Dacian and -deva in Thracian . So , what is your opinion ?

THE PHRYGIANS , the Mysians from Asia Minor are also Trakians, as the Moesians and the Geto-Dacians.

As a Greek, with limited knowledge of classical Greek, provided by public school education, I am S h o c k e d to see the similarities between the Phrygian text and ancient Greek. Basically, this is how ancient Greek would look to me if I hadn't learned anything at school :P The Greek alpghabet might make me think they' re more similar than what they actually are... But if Plato says so, who am I to argue? Jokes aside, I can even pin point (I assume?) the translation pairs of a few words between Phrygian and English shown, based on the Greek equivalents. I am now a supporter of the Hellenic-Phrygian branch theory, because it also feels lonely (and unrealistic) that Greek just consists its own branch with zero relatives.

Which Illyrian names were used in Greece? I am curious.

Alb. jo (not) seems similar to Fryg.ioi (not)., although its etymology is thought to be Turkish yok. Ilija Čašule argues, somewhat convincingly, for a link between Burushaski dialects and Frygian/Brygian & paleo-balcanic languages. He thinks that either these links are ancestral, meaning the Burusho people came through Central Asia along with Proto-Indo-Iranians or that they came with the armies of Alexander the Great. The books are Burushaski Etymological Dictionary, The Indo-European Etymology of the Phrygian Theonym Sīlēnō̄s and the Burushaski Royal Name Silúm, Names of plants of Mediterranean and Balkan origin in Burushaski, Burushaski Shepherd Vocabulary of Indo-European Origin, Evidence for a Burushaski-Phrygian connection.

It's interesting that most modern Kentucky languages have undergone palatalization: becoming satem in a sense. Spanisg "ciento", English "cheese" are examples. I think the kentum/satem division is overblown in importance as it looks at one phonetic process.

At first Phrygians was leaving in northern Greece between Illyrians and proto-Macedonians Greeks, and after the collapse of bronze age moved to Anatolia and enstablish their new kingdom in the area of previous Hittites Kingdom.

Suggestions: Lusitanian Elymian Paeonian Mysian

Please a video about Chadic languages

Most interesting!

The Thracian language branch should have included Dacian no? Or what scholarly theory are you going by?

What about Tokharian, Sogdian ?

Everyone always forgets about Chudistani.

Great to see you back, another great video. Always great to hear you casually dropping into Hebrew....רק מילה בעברית חודרת אל עורקיי, אל נשמת י

Incredibly, Phrygian is NOT an extinct IE branch. The subject was obscure in scholarship, but some people living in Kashmir, s.l., the Burushaski, still speak Phrygian. They attribute to themselves a non-legendary origin as colonists in the time of Alexander the Great. Deity Bas probably same as Indian Pushan, quasi Greek Pan (Pan is two original names, one equal to Pushan (*Pahon) other in archaic Greek *Pawon, a wind and war God. Armenian is IE branch closest to Greek branch, and in s.l. included northern Anatolian languages excluding Lydian in classical period, as well as Thracian, but not Dacian {an Albanian relative), and also probably includes the scantily attested Kassite language of mid ii millennium BCE Mesopotamia, reached via the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea and through the Zagros Mountains. If I remember correctly, archaeologically this is the Srubnaya Culture. Indo-Iranian speakers were further east, including upper Ural River area, and cis-Azov area, the Sintashta Culture.

Have you heard of the tocharien languages

2:22 the link between Albanians and Illyrians is heavily disputed though because the Illyrians were Latinized. It was only propagated in Albania itself by the Communist Hoxha regime, which also claimed that the Albanians are the descendants of the Pelasgians, a completely outlandish claim still commonly believed by many Albanians (for reference, the Pelasgians are the pre-IndoEuropean peoples that inhabited Greece, possibly related to the Minoan culture, which mixed with the IndoEuropean Hellenic speakers to create the Greek nation). They claim, thus, that Zeus was in reality Albanian, and not Greek

What about other anatolian languages such as Hittite, Luwian, Hittite etc.?

what about dacian, panonnian, and lydian?

5:53 this intruiged me because there is a romanian town called deva not too far north of where thrachians would have lived sadly it seems it was founded around the 1200s and it's name just means woman in slavic lesson learned, stop researching stuff and let your imagination fill in the gaps cuz that's way more fun

Last picture is Split, Croatia.

8:00 How close or far are we from considering a Phrygo-Germanic connexion possible? Phrygian in Indo-European words of such consonants does show sth like Grimm's Law.

I believe there is one more indo-european branch: Tocharian

You chose Split, Croatia for the intro picture 👍

בואו* נתחיל

i was looking away from the screen for a second at the end and thought you said frisian was the last extinct language

Can you do a video on Deilami

Isn’t Illyrian a descendant of Latin?

Phrygians were totally relatives of Greeks,it is the only language which was closer to Greek than any other languages that even Plato made some connection to they language and Greek(Phrygian may also be related to Armenian).

I swear the entirety of my youtube feed posted at the same time

Langue trois? Not Language (French pronunciation) A Trois?

I had this on in the background, and I heard 'Phrygian', and I just shouted, "Frisian isn't extinct!";

Also I thought Phrygian was a Hellenic language

5:30 Interestingly though, the Tocharian languages seem to be Kentum languages.

Yeah just thinking about what those languages were like... hard to imagine Indo-European being anything else than what we have today, but it must've been something entirely different, and that's fascinating.

You do realise that “yallah” is an Arabic word consisting of “ya” + “allah” right?

Albanians and Armenians have all sorts of folk historical linguistic and folk archeological theories -- although probably not as many as the Indians. 😊

Centum and satem is not based on west vs east but old vs new. satem was a late PIE innovation.

tocharian in the corner:

What about Tocharian and Hittite?

Illyrians melted into South Slavs, whom of the Thracians into Bulgarians

Nice video, I like this topic. Were you speaking Hebrew at the beginning of the video? Also, the Indo-Iranian branches are also Satem.

9:00 _"for once"_ ? The Romans had no policy of exterminating languages. They just had a policy of imposing Latin, much like English was imposed in Dehli without exterminating Hindustani ...

There could be a bunch of languages that went lost inbetween the branches, in the zones between Italic and Celtic, between Celtic and Germanic, between Germanic and Baltic or Slavic. Some of them even are not attested with names. At least, one culture in late antiquity kinda got a name and confused Roman historians for being something inbetween Germanic and Slavic by their looks and habits.

Nowadays it's believed Albanian language descends from ancient Dardania due to phonetic rules that fit such a (western-central balkan population)and they were an independent yet related people mostly akin to Illyrians

There's a Deva in western Romania.

Half of Iranian languages are also extinct

More cool features the devs removed 😢

😀

Early.

Back in the 1990's when I was studying Classical philology at uni, it was commonly stated that most scholars expected a relationship to exist between modern Albanian and ancient Illyrian but that so far no one had been able to prove any such connection.

Regarding the Illyrian and Thracian languages,it's impossible to clasify them as extinct,when you admit you know nothing about them,and when you have the living Albanian language.The terms ""Illyrian" and "Thracian" are geographical terms from foreign authors,to denote the different Kingdoms of that area,the Kingdoms may have spoke closely related languages,but they were all "ThracoIllyrians",so if you admit that Albanian is a paleobalcanic language,then 100% it descends from the languages of those ancient pre-Roman Kingdoms,with of course Latin influence from the Roman period,as the early Albanians or Arvonites,are mentioned in the 6th century as citizens of illyricum by Stephanus of Byzantium, and they were well integrated in the Roman society....

Illyrje wie in oare namme foar Servje.

Albanians are the descendants of Illyrians so they did make the cut

5:04 Sorry, but actually both Baltic and Slavic are satem!

A minute of silence for the fallen

Europe has Satem languages. Slavic and Baltic languages.

Where were Albanians and where do they come from if they're not Illyrians? Sorry dislike and closed the video.

The Illyrian hypothesis for Albanians' early history didn't originate from Albanian academics but from western ones. And it isn't one that needs much convincing. From what we can construct and narrow down Albanians' urheimat, it seems to broadly line up with where Illyrian was spoken, so it isn't as much of a stretch to claim Albanian is a branch of Illyrian or that Albanians descend from Illyrians. We already know the latter is true thanks to genetic analysis.

"We are Illyrian!"🇦🇱🧔🏿‍♂️

It’s AD, not CE, thank you.

Illyrian still exists, it's the official language of Albania.

Trully to say, I don't understand why you don't use the native English names for Montenegro and Thrace. To me, you just try to sound posh. The whole Thracian segment needs to be reworked in my opinion.

indo europoor

Albanian is an Illyrian language, so they are very much NOT extinct.

Pseudo-Indo-European-hypothesis that's since years refuted.

You do not make a distinction between Phrygian and Frisian. Frisian, spoken in the Northern province of Fryslân, has been granted local official language status too. Bad job.