The Active Volcano in Tonga; Tofua

Подписаться 298 тыс.

Просмотров 370 тыс.

50% 1

The recent highly explosive eruption of Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai has brought additional attention to other volcanoes in the nation of Tonga. One of these other volcanoes is in fact erupting right now and has been erupting ever since October 2nd of 2015. The volcano I am referring to is known as Tofua, which produced two geologically recent eruptions an order of magnitude larger than what the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai volcano produced on January 15th. This video will discuss this lush island volcano and discuss just how recently its last major explosive eruption occurred.
This video is protected under “fair use”. If you see an image and/or video which is your own in this video, and/or think my discussion of a scientific paper (and/or discussion/mentioning of the data/information within a scientific paper) does not fall under the fair use doctrine, and wish for it to be censored or removed, contact me by email at tccatron@email.asu.edu and I will make the necessary changes.
If you would like to support this channel, consider becoming a patron at / geologyhub .
Another way to support this channel is to make an order via our gemstone and geology related etsy store at prospectingarizona.etsy.com.
This channel's merch store is also on etsy at geologyhub.etsy.com.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: Google Earth, Image Landsat / Copernicus, Image © 2023 CNES / Airbus
0:00 Another Volcano is Erupting in Tonga
0:37 Tofua's Location
1:02 Geologic Setting
1:22 Geologic History
2:20 Caldera Forming Eruptions
3:04 Recent Volcanic Vents
Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google & Data Providers
CC BY SA 4.0 license: creativecommons.org/licenses/...

Опубликовано:

13 май 2024

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист

Посмотреть позже

Комментарии : 318

@GeologyHub 2 года назад

I want to note that when the first (or second) caldera forming eruption began at Tofua, some of local Polynesians who lived on the island were able to escape. As a result, they developed a legend involving deities to explain why the eruption occurred. I would have normally posted the details in the end graphic of this video, but some of its details (despite it being a legend) are a bit NSFW. If you wish to see that legend, wikipedia has a brief description of it.

@JosiahGould 2 года назад

Well... I suppose that would be one way to stop a thief.

@JizzoCalrissian 2 года назад

@@JosiahGould what do you mean?

@adriennefloreen 2 года назад

@@JizzoCalrissian it means not safe/suitable for work it means it contains something that might not be acceptable to say on RU-vid

@adriennefloreen 2 года назад

Lots of ancient myth stories, if properly translated, actually tell of real ancient geological or celestial events, case in point the Sumerian story of how the gods named after planets fought a war which explains the location of Saturn, Jupiter, the moon, and the asteroid belt, or the Australian Aboriginal myth about how a giant rock formation in the middle of the desert came to exist, or stories in the Hindu vedas of ancient wars fought by gods flying on birds (wrong translation) etc...

@hgguest2675 2 года назад

hi GeologyHub, what is NSFW?

@1.4142 2 года назад

The documentary "300 Days alone" takes place here.

@danieldeanharrison 2 года назад

Damn rights, what a legend.

@bidenadministrationischina5091 2 года назад

No kidding? I saw that long time ago out of curiosity

@GeologyHub 2 года назад

Would recommend the documentary. Not a bad island to purposely cut yourself off from civilization for 10 months

@danieldeanharrison 2 года назад

@@GeologyHub I'd be down for that. As long as there's geological significances like precious metals or gem deposits around the island, I'd be golden.

@amoose8439 2 года назад

You always have the best graphics and images to explain these wonderful events... much appreciated!

@aznate27 2 года назад

I agree, I like that the graphics are simple and not overly complicated.

@GeologyHub 2 года назад

I’m glad that you enjoy my work!

@iancanuckistan2244 2 года назад

I missed congratulating you on 100K subscribers. There was a huge jump for you when Hunga Tonga made its statement to the planet.

@riciarites5065 2 года назад

@CRAM MARC yup I found him Early Apr 2021 and tell other, pass him on and his families gem stone jewelry!

@stonew1927 2 года назад

Perfect! I was just exploring Tonga on Google Earth this morning and happened to notice these two volcanos north of the one that recently erupted and was fascinated by their features and wondered when they last erupted. I also noticed the deep trench to the east along the ocean floor and figured that one plate was subducting under the other causing the volcanos to appear where they are. You affirmed my suspicions!

@ptocknell 2 года назад

I paused at 1:16 and stared at that chart for quite a bit. I would love to see more videos explaining plate tectonics for specific volcanoes and volcano regions. There is so much going on beneath the volcano that I find fascinating!!

@GeologyHub 2 года назад

I would love to explain more! In my next Tonga volcano video I will cover a different geologic setting called a back arc basin.

@sachaput 2 года назад

Greatly appreciate the amount of time and research you put into every video. I find them fascinating.

@juliocean1331 2 года назад

Thank.You for the great video, graphics and commentary. Tofua is a beautiful volcanic island. 🌋💕

@Ronin4614 2 года назад

I love the “xxxonga” names they have there. Thank you for such crisp and fact based, non-hyped coverage. Take care, amigo.

@SJR_Media_Group 2 года назад

Thank you so much for your very professional yet easy to understand Geology 101. I am a former Geology student and continue reading, watching, and researching Geology. Your insight and delivery style helps people to understand the processes involved.

@magnumrepia537 2 года назад

This is solid as! As well as informative coverage of the matter!! Well done..!! 💯 👏👏👏

@DestinationArt 2 года назад

I love your videos. And I especially love hearing you say the name of this volcano!

@RobinMarks1313 2 года назад

Best volcano site on You Tube! GOOD JOB!

@cornbread6182 2 года назад

This channel is the best, only issue I have is when you show lists you flash them too fast, be nice if you gave little more time to read you're lists at end of videos, other than that, best channel, very informative

@laurahorn2976 2 года назад

I learned about the Deccan/Siberian Traps a while ago and I want to know more than just the basic definition. They seem fascinating and terrifying.

@LossyLossnitzer 2 года назад

I am glad you are talking about this as I was looking at this one on Google earth and looking at the trees around the volcanic lake , thinking when will this go off noting that there were a few earthquakes of ~ Mag 4.5 between Tofua and the last big eruptive volcano recently.

@gaius_enceladus 2 года назад

Great video! I had heard of Tofua but wasn't aware that it was erupting now!

@AmazingPhilippines1 2 года назад

Thanks for bringing these videos to us.

@victor440 2 года назад

Besides being site of the documentary “300 days alone”, this island is also near the location where the mutiny on the HMS Bounty took place on April 28 1789.

@riciarites5065 2 года назад

Cool! Thx

@fishingthelist4017 2 года назад

Now we need a video about Pitcairn Island.

@sabrinafelber 2 года назад

Thanks so much. Very informative.

@Henrikbuitenhuis 2 года назад

Thanks so much for the video and info. I wish All a great Day 22.

@oneshotme 2 года назад

Enjoyed the video and I gave it a Thumbs Up

@lanceleavitt7472 2 года назад

Came here to get information, and that's what I got. --- Thanks for the great upload. ---

@CAT-ow8oh 2 года назад

It looks like a nice place to do a hike

@blocky1334 2 года назад

Interesting i Remember once playing with Google earth around Tonga and i saw both Tofua and Kao and i think that the recent eruption could also trigger another big Eruption in both Tofua and Kao but its just A Matter of Time this is So Interesting, and congrats on 100k subscribers last time i visited this channel you only had 98k

@user-iu4se2ps7d 2 года назад

Hello GeologyHub. Thanks for this most recent vid, hope you’re doing good. I have a request: can you please do a video on the Azas Plateau Volcanic Field in Siberia, Russia? From my research, there’s not much information out there about this volcanic complex. It’s located near Lake Baikal, and is due to the Baikal Rift.

@tomp_ 2 года назад

It is a really unknown volcano, but I love looking at it’s amazing structure

@jamesschuh8568 2 года назад

I was glued to this video clip for 4:14minutes 😂 very interesting 🤔😳🤔 information 👍🙂👍

@JohnDoe-jq5wy 2 года назад

WELL DONE PRESENTATION

@poppiesbloom001 2 года назад

Thanks for the straight forward content! I was hoping you could talk about Montreal’s Mount Royal. I understand it is some kind of intrusion of magma and would be interested to know more.

@MelanieCravens 2 года назад

I'd like to know more about Cheyenne Mountain, Pike's Peak, and Garden of the Gods in Colorado.

@dk3062 2 года назад

I really enjoy your videos

@michaelprowland 2 года назад

Awesome video! I’ve been wanting to visit Tofua sincE discovering it on the early internet. So cool! I wonder if it’s safe to swim in or drink the lake water.

@petermaree 2 года назад

Hi. Are there any other underwater volcanos of interest in the tofu area. Are there diff types of magma compositions or are they all different?

@catou060195 2 года назад

That whole region going from NZ to Tonga is riddled with undersea volcanoes, not much of a stretch to think other eruptions will happen

@francois9747 2 года назад

Yup. Even in Auckland alone there is 50 volcanoes with our biggest one Rangitoto being dormant.

@mrvwbug4423 2 года назад

That volcanic basin in general is particularly violent. Taupo on the north island of NZ has produced some of the most violent eruptions of the last 60,000 years and the most recent VEI 8

@chrisrifkin3670 2 года назад

A huge chunk of VEI 6 plus eruptions from New Zealand up through Vanuatu..my bets are the 1808 mystery mega blast came from this ares

@stewartread4235 2 года назад

Any chance you could explain the 6.2 earthquake on Cyprus, 03:08 local time 11 Jan 2021.

@LEDewey_MD 9 месяцев назад

People are currently living on the island?!! Great video!Always fascinating and informative! ❤

@michaelallport5816 2 года назад

Good presentation.

@brettlejeune7009 2 года назад

Do you have any information on the volcanic eruption in Costa Rica?

@bananacat4945 2 года назад

Could you do a video about the vulkan krenitsyna volcano in Russia? It’s such a beautiful volcano and I would like to know more about it

@darranmohan5700 2 года назад

This was well done

@chuckhursch5374 2 года назад

Still looking for a video on the Sutter Buttes north of Sacramento, CA. I don’t recall seeing a video on this, but it’s possible I’ve missed it or forgotten.

@LadyAnuB 2 года назад

He did do one on it: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-Rmfi2JaThSE.html

@RANDOMNATION907 2 года назад

Can you do a video on the Ulithi Atoll? At one time I had hoped to retire their someday. But that isn't likely to happen now.

@NeoRipshaft 2 года назад

Hm I just thought of a question that I don't believe has been addressed yet; What sort of timespans are we looking at when it comes to the collapses that create calderas? Is the collapse generally a slow subsidance over time, does it fall catastrophically, does it coincide with the effusion of molten rock and gasses etc? Obviously no individual answer would suffice - I expect all of these to be true to some extent at least some of the time... but really curious what we know here.

@xxxx85 2 года назад

I have a question! How come the caldera doesn't fill up with a crater lake? The caldera seems to form a rather uniform ring around the center lake with no visible outflow of water into the ocean so why doesn't rain water add up to create a lake until it reaches a point where water finds an outflow?

@geographytimes1251 2 года назад

"Hunga tunga" that's great, nice video, thanks geologyhub

@danielmconnolly7 2 года назад

Cowa Bunga Hunga Tunga dude.

@geographytimes1251 2 года назад

@@danielmconnolly7 yesss😅

@TheSpaceEnthusiast-vl6wx 6 месяцев назад

Thanks!

@TheSebbel19 2 года назад

Hi, a viedeo about Haku-san in japan would be interessting. this vulcano had multiple times of seizmic aktivity under the mountan top, but nothing happend.

@akfroggie2177 2 года назад

Back in 1993 I was working on a project in Tonga and actually got to visit Tofu'a. Arrived by floatplane from Nei'afu, Vava'u and landed on the crater lake, then hiked up to the rim of the active crater. The gas coming out of it was so noxious that even the slightest whiff seized up your lungs and prevented breathing - Scary, and I've never experienced anything else like it. The whole crater, though, was a magical 'other-world', and it's worth noting that the Mutiny on the Bounty took place off the southwest coast of Tofu'a, with the crew coming ashore on the beach there, unaware of the freshwater lake in the crater. There's really no place to land a boat and when I was there, there weren't any permanent residents on the island - just a couple of garden plots on the northeast coast where people came over from Ha'apai to grow crops, but only on days that were calm enough to anchor and ferry themselves ashore by canoe. Really amazing place.

@jakeclarke8706 2 года назад

Fascinating, I was wondering what that gas would be like. Is the freshwater lake inside the crater tainted by the sulphur? Thanks for sharing the awesome experience!

@akfroggie2177 2 года назад

@@jakeclarke8706 There was a smell of sulfur everywhere, but the lake water was fresh and good to drink - with filtration, as it was a bit murky in places due to algae on the bottom.

@pilotman012 2 года назад

Forgive me if already asked. Is the in the water in caldera fresh or sea water?

@geoffgammenthaler242 2 года назад

Very interesting!

@Lord_Magikarp 2 года назад

Impressive how an Ocean-Ocean boundary gave rise to Dacite. Pretty cool

@MiMayonGo 2 года назад

Congrats brah. You got verified!

@erinmcdonald7781 2 года назад

This will be a other one to watch, especially since it has the potential to erupt in such a variety of ways. 💚🌋🌏

@anaschnider2791 2 года назад

Blessings

@baystated 2 года назад

New diagrams! Nice.

@eighty2snkrs Год назад

is aquatic life present/possible in the center?

@psalmerperena4120 2 года назад

This volcano produced two VEI 6 eruptions that are only 70 years apart. Are there any volcanoes capable of doing major eruptions after such a short nap? Taal did a VEI 4 in the year 1749 then a VEI 5 in 1754. On a side note, can you do a video about the Gakkel Ridge caldera?

@mrvwbug4423 2 года назад

Taupo maybe? It has produced a large number of VEI 6 and 7 eruptions over the last 60,000 years (which is fairly recent from a geologic standpoint), it's in the same subduction zone as Tonga. Taupo also produced the most recent VEI 8 so is considered a supervolcano. It's been quiet-ish for the last 1800 years, but could of course resume activity (still a lot of geothermal activity in the area).

@chrisrifkin3670 2 года назад

Mt St Helen's I think had 2 VEI 5s 2 years apart

@riciarites5065 2 года назад

Thank you I appreciate the data

@Astrofrank 2 года назад

Shouldn't the right "backarc" on the subduction graph at 1:15 be a forearc?

@gemsandlasers269 2 года назад

The diagram is terribly in general

@mytar35 2 года назад

Have a great week

@migram4190 2 года назад

Beautiful island i wanna go there someday ❤️

@cavetroll666 2 года назад

thats a cool looking island :)

@tallcedars2310 2 года назад

Is this an active volcano with data collection technoogy on it?

@tomp_ 2 года назад

Why has the volcano not showed up in erupting volcano lists?

@jaqenhghar2970 2 года назад

what list are you looking at?

@ironnorse 2 года назад

The appeal is great for living on a tropical island with all the modern convinces. A house near the ocean, virtually no crime, the freedoms come with a tight-knit community of friends and neighbors.. But here, we see the dark side, the realistic potential of a volcano, a tsunami, or an ash cloud that kills everything for miles. Paradise destroyed in a moment, many lives changed forever, and the place they called home for generations is no more.

@riciarites5065 2 года назад

Thx, live for today.

@hungatonga-hungahaapai6402 2 года назад

That is why our Polynesian ancestors were always on the move. Being the intrepid explorers they were and still are to this day.

@ironnorse 2 года назад

@HUNGA TONGA-HUNGA HA'APAI HTH while I agree whole heartedly Polynesians were among the best of the very best seafarers. The idea that the young men still jump into their out- rigger canoes and hit the high seas for months to discover unknown islands is no more.

@shadowghostcat1449 2 года назад

What going on the Scotland please can you find out and do a video on it please 🙏🏽🥺❤️ thank you for all you video on the earth and it volcanoes

@melrichardson7709 2 года назад

Being from the UK myself and I'm sure other viewers are, could you provide a little more info to your post?

@roberttiffany9208 2 года назад

Are there any stones of any value being found yet?

@pauljeffery7658 2 года назад

Could you inform your loyal audience about Mnt. Hood . Tks Paul

@WTH1812 2 года назад

Other than geologic age what is the difference between the calderas of Tonga and the craters atop the seamounts stretching from Kauai thru Midway and on to the Kamchatka peninsula? What little investigation done on them has found lava reserves under the centuries/millennia of seafloor deposits.

@theredrover3217 2 года назад

Tonga is at (see 1:15) a tetonic plate subaduction zone - rift in the earth's crust - along the Ring of Fire. The Hawaiian islands up to the Emperor Seamounts originated over a stationary 'hot spot' ON the Pacfic Plate. You could say the volcanos are born at The Big Island 'spot' on the Pacific Plate and go to die up at the Aleutians in the subaduction zone at the Aleutian Trench. As volcanoes travel North with the plate, eventually losing thier magma supply - conduit to the 'hot spot' - they are starved (loss of building material), sink and erode to disappear - be submerged.

@WTH1812 2 года назад

@@theredrover3217 ... The question is, "What is the difference in the calderas themselves?" Specifically, were the caldera-like formations in the Emperor Seamounts evidence of explosive volcanic eruptions? If not, what caused them and when?

@theredrover3217 2 года назад

@@WTH1812 Unfortunately I don't remember discussions details about the submerged seamounts and very leery of winging it. 😜 As I recall the volcanoes become extinct as they travel North. Someone please correct me if I am wrong but 'explosive' events occur with magma and the seamounts have left magma supply behind. I hope someone else will pop in to explain that better.

@noonatonga225 2 года назад

Thank you for the briefing. This should keep people in Tonga on the alert.

@jaqenhghar2970 2 года назад

@Hilda Kimina shut up.

@theotherandrew5540 2 года назад

What can you say about the Icelandic volcanoes?

@michaeldeierhoi4096 2 года назад

That would probably take several videos because there are so many there.

@rareduck8987 2 года назад

Can you do didicas at the Philippines and next is smith

@wilwynddoesnotcomply7436 2 года назад

See what you think about Stone Mountain in Georgia, USA, please!

@Wayoutofdate 2 года назад

I climbed inside this and swam in the lake in 2013 - epic trip!

@jakeclarke8706 2 года назад

So the water must not be toxic in the crater lake huh? Did you see any life in the lake above algae?

@patriciaowens3479 2 года назад

Wow...prayers for these people!!!

@craigaxle1096 2 года назад

Yes, I deed.

@francois9747 2 года назад

These people are heavy Mormons/christians so they'll appreciate the prayers 🙌😌

@60079regulatorylaw 2 года назад

Absolutely brilliant commentary Mate Im learning so much about Tonga. I was swimmingcwoth @60 Tonne Cow birthing s & Tonne calf in Jungs in 1993. I have the carving by the Local Cheif WHO wouldcdive down and také the Jaw Bones og Southern Right Whales. Thanks you fór Sharing.

@carenthusiasm5845 2 года назад

Great video as always...only thing to mention is that it is triggering to me if you stress every last word of all sentences the way u do it 😂🤯

@whatthefunction9140 2 года назад

Is that volcano lake full of fresh or salt water?

@michaeldeierhoi4096 2 года назад

It would be fresh water from rainfall. However it would likely be very toxic from the SO2 and other gases the volcanoes releases into it.

@jebbohanan2626 2 года назад

What is “1100 CE”?

@robertallan5165 2 года назад

How about Mt. Sangeang Api there seems to be an ongoing earthquake swarm nearby ( emsc earthquake 1089613#map) interactive map Think it erupted in 2014 & 2019

@dawnpalmby5100 2 года назад

Just thinking about some of the arrival stories from native tribes on the west coast of North America, they came to Turtle Island after escaping their island that fell into the ocean. After the explosion of Honga Tonga I can imagine now how that could've occured

@1.4142 2 года назад

I suggested this!

@cmcer1995 2 года назад

I did check wiki where it stated the caldera was formed by a major eruption around 1,000 years BP. What does "BP" mean? It seems like any of those volcanoes in the Tonga area are a potential for very explosive eruptions. It also mention the Mutiny on the Bounty taken place around there as well, and how Capt. Bligh went to Tofua first before trying to get back home. Interesting history. Thanks for the information on this one.

@omegastar19 2 года назад

BP stands for ‘Before Present’

@JohnnyYTwestbrook 2 года назад

Hey geologyhub it would make my day if you said hi in mi stream bud 😀 I want to talk to ya

@GeologyHub 2 года назад

Greetings. How are you today?

@JohnnyYTwestbrook 2 года назад

@@GeologyHub I’m doing just fine you are the best volcanologist on the internet and I appreciate what you do to save peoples lives my friend the weather hub recently visited mt Vesuvius he was inspired by you

@buzz1913 2 года назад

Please cover Hibok Hibok Volcano in camiguin island the most deadliest volcano in the Philippines killing over 3000 in 1949-1951 eruption forcing half of island population to migrate

@Truthseeker371 2 года назад

Are you saying non eruptive period rare and blessing? Tongan Islands and many Pacific Islands are volcanic, aren't they? The ancient Mediterranean Sea were highly volcanic, and transformed the land formation. So the life goes.

@rareduck8987 2 года назад

This is the guy from Switzerland that survived 300 days

@MrRussell 2 года назад

Why does freshly melted rock from a subducting plate go upwards? Wouldn't it still be cooler than the magma it entererd?

@Dragrath1 2 года назад

Yes it is indeed cooler the key point for why it goes upwards has to do with density and also much of the crustal melting being induced in the overlying plate. Much of arc magmatism is actually driven by water and other volatiles being forced out of the subducting plate and as these volatiles rise towards the surface they in turn causes the melting point of the rock to lower allowing the overlying crust to differentially melt and produce arc volcanism. There is another type of subduction related volcanism which is much rarer where the underlying plate gets directly melted but that requires much more heat to occur. In Either case the melt that goes upwards is differentially melted that means the material separates out by melting point and density selectively leading to lower density higher silica concentration magmas. Remember that fluids will in the absence of mixing self stratify by density in the presence of a gravitational field. The minerals in basalt are heavier than those andesite dacite or rhyolite respectively so the other types of magma are more buoyant as they have differing fractions of lighter elements/minerals. This is the same reason continents float above the underlying basaltic crust and mantle, effectively continents are basically silicate glacier like crust of lower density rock that floats on top of the denser basaltic rocks.

@usnretold1122 2 года назад

What is "CE" How far in time is 1040CE?

@craigaxle1096 2 года назад

1040 Common Era

@melrichardson7709 2 года назад

@@craigaxle1096 Christian Era. 😊

@TheDanEdwards 2 года назад

@@melrichardson7709 "Christian Era" - since the Gregorian calendar starts before Christianity, CE really just means Gregorian calendar, re-cast as "Common Era" by historians.

@melrichardson7709 2 года назад

@@TheDanEdwards your quite right 🤦. I'm so used to using BC and AD. I seem to have miss read a report. I believe the term is "my bad" 🤫

@bar10dr 2 года назад

I wonder if the crater lake is freshwater

@ReolSPro 2 года назад

thx

@elgatogordo9523 2 года назад

Glad the Castaway guy and the cameraman didn’t get stranded on this island 🏝

@myaimistrashgaming5175 2 года назад

Do you think this eruption will cause global cooling? Like maybe by 1/2 or 1 degree?

@michaeldeierhoi4096 2 года назад

A few reports indicate that the Tonga eruption did not put out near enough SO2 to cause and significant cooling. The amount of cooling likely to occur was estimated at --0.011 °C.

@myaimistrashgaming5175 2 года назад

@@michaeldeierhoi4096 🤙🏼

@ForrestMillerMusic 2 года назад

So rad

@UnknownGamer-qz4xc 2 года назад

i know so damn well this will be taught in school when we are old.

@FredvonHayek 2 года назад

I understand you can build a very affordable vacation home there.

@solarnaut 2 года назад

Phew ! I happened to have view speed set at 2x . . . after 2 minutes and 7 seconds . .. my head continued to SPIN for another 5 revolutions ! B-)

@OssamabinKenny 2 года назад

Next I want to watch a video on Tonga Honga Shepanga volcano, and after that a video on Tonga Honga McHonda Panda volcano, and finally a video on Tonga Under Shawarma Anda Manga volcano. Take your time.

@scottbutler2761 2 года назад

Does anyone know why the earth plates move

@tboman4128 2 года назад

Your answer is just a google search away.

@melrichardson7709 2 года назад

Make a mug of milky coffee and watch the skin that forms move on the hot liquid. Similar process. And before some comedian comments, no the Earth's plates do not float around on hot milk. 😊 Oh bugger! I've probably started a new conspiracy theory. 🤦😉

@omegastar19 2 года назад

@@melrichardson7709 The earth is made of chocolate. That is a true scientific fact unlike the CULT of evilution. Dark chocolate subducts under milk chocolate that is why yellowstone erupted, why Djokovich waa deported from Austalia and why I tripped over a rock today. All these things are related because I put them in a list together, which proves its all connected to the flat earth ice age solar minimum.

@maturanaccessvlog4424 7 месяцев назад

Tofua looks like a shield volcano

@ronward3949 2 года назад

This Ash could be successful to better understand the potentials of it's potentials as reused, preserved, refined, and/or tested for other uses, or as surrogate into inferring the Chemical Processes at hand within this Volcano, then spewing it's immediate effects, affects, and vital Earth Processes as thy relate to formation of Our Chemical Surroundings from a Broader Perspective including detailed Analysis, Retainment, Potential Benefits, as this Ash is collected or as it dispenses, or effects Tsonga's Natrual History.