The Basal Ganglia Clinical Anatomy 

My transcript notes of the video: 00:05 the basal ganglia also known as the basal nucleus or the extrapyramidal nuclei are a collection of subcortical structures located deep within the white matter of the brain it forms part of the extrapyramidal 00:19 motor system which has functions such as regulation of involuntary movements so movements not under conscious control the fine-tuning of voluntary movements and the maintenance of posture the basal ganglia is made up of five 00:36 pairs of nuclei the chordae nucleus the putamen the globus pallidus the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia grouped into broader clusters these nuclei are known as the striatum 00:51 the globus pallidus the subthalamic nuclei and the substantia let's talk about each of these nuclei in a bit more detail and their function the striatum is found inside the insular lobe and is made up of the dorsal 01:11 striatum and the ventral striatum however the ventral striatum is actually considered part of the limbic system rather than the basal ganglia it is the dorsal striatum which is part of the basal ganglia 01:24 the dorsal striatum is made up of the chordae nucleus and the putamen during development the chordae nucleus is separated from the putamen by descending white matter fibers which at this level are known as the internal 01:41 capsule the striatum is the primary input unit of the basal ganglia it receives input from the cerebral cortex it receives excitatory glutamatergic neurons from the cerebral cortex 02:00 glutamatergic neurons release glutamate a stimulatory neurotransmitter the substance of the striatum itself is mainly composed of projection neurons and interneurons 02:17 functionally they are inhibitory neurons called gabaergic neurons that release inhibitory neurotransmitters called gaba the axons of these neurons form the 02:29 direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia which project into the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nuclei the next nuclei to talk about is the globus pallidus which is made up of an 02:47 internal segment gpi and an external segment gpe the globus pallidus is composed mainly of inhibitory gabaergic projection neurons which fire spontaneously and irregularly at high frequencies 03:04 gabaergic neurons inhibit things they release the neurotransmitter gaba neurons that project from the striatum to the internal part of the globus pallidus are part of what's called the direct pathway of the motor loop 03:19 meanwhile neurons that project from the striatum to the external part of the globus pallidus are part of the indirect pathway the direct pathway basically means it goes from the striatum straight to 03:34 thalamus both of these segments play an essential role to the modulation of motor pathways in particular the creation of smooth and precise motor actions and also inhibitory actions 03:50 to balance the excitatory component coming from the cerebral cortex next we have the subthalamic nuclei which are bi-concave paired structures found within the subthalamus they are not an anatomical part of the 04:09 basal ganglia however due to their functional connection they are considered part of the basal ganglia the function of the subthalamic nucleus is not well known however some theory suggests it has a crucial role related 04:23 to modulation of planned motor movements they receive input and also give output to the globus pallidus 04:35 and the nuclei contains glutamatergic neurons which are the excitatory neurons lastly we have the substantia which is a small motor nucleus found in the anterior part of the midbrain even though it is located in the 04:55 midbrain which is part of the brainstem functionally the substantia is considered part of the basal ganglia the substantia is made up of the pars compactor and the parse reticulata 05:12 the pars compacta supplies the striatum with dopamine a neurotransmitter acting as an input to the basal ganglia area the striatum the pars reticulata serves as an output To get the full transcript and PDF notes with screenshot - Try Askify Chrome extension tool

Thanks a lot for the great video ☺️ lots of respect for your work!! I am finally able to actually reason and appreciate the anatomical distinctions between the different nuclei. As a medical student, Your video has sparked my interest in the field and it seems like I finally have a rational hook to anchor all my further knowledge to. Nothing can express my greatfullnes for having found your videos.

As a former internist, thanks!

Your videos are so helpful, thanks for your great and necessary job here! I have a suggestion: a video about the direct and indirect pathways, like "what inhibits and estimulates what", considering the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease for example, would be nice.

Wonderful explanation 👏 I will pass any question related to basal ganglia

I LOVE THIS VIDEO

This video was super useful thanks so much, this quality contect much learing much easy and enjoyable.

perfect! This video has been LONG long overdue.

Thank you sir

Thanks sir, but I suggest that to put this video as in your previous lectures that you used to use a pen in drawings.

Your videos are really helpful. thank you. Can you do a video on speech mechanism?

This was a great video as always. Though miss the older videos where he used to draw it.

This was great!❤

Do u make any video for Ataxia ? U are a great physiology teacher , i mean much better than my neuro physiology professors. Congrats 👏🏻

The video is very useful and informative, I must say I was struggling to follow this time, as I am used to look at the picture that you drawing parallel with explaining and this time it was all put at once and not gradually. This was too much information at once for me. I have to watch more times :)

Very informative thank you

Looking forward to more videos in your brain series.

hello sir can you please put a video on GBS, Mutiple sclerosis , cerebral palsy,

Thank you so much!

Interesting. I actually just put this on my bucketlist of things to learn about 2 days ago. I was interested in learning about ganglia in general and of course the basal ganglia came up. But it's a whole rabbit hole type subject, both ganglia and the basal ganglia. So I put it off until I had time to give it the attention it needs. But this video kinda pushed me into learning about both subjects before I intended. Which isn't a bad thing at all. No time like the present, right? Especially if I've got nothing else taking up my free time except video games.

Thank you so much ^^ it helps

Thank you ☺️👍

Thanks be to you

I love your videos. Thank you so much! I was wondering if you had one on RLS(Restless Leg Syndrom) which I would think pertains to the basal ganglia. Involuntary movement. I just watched the one posted for Parkinson's, Huntington, and Tourettes. I have battled RLS for over 10 years now without a definitive cause. Dopamine and Gaba deficiency I believe are the culprits. I do have ADHD so i'm deficient in Dopamine, Norepinephrine/Epinephrine.

Thank you!!!!!!

Nice vedio 👍🌺

A very interesting and informative video. What it doesn't discuss and which I would like to suggest here is the work of the lymph which should, but doesn't, enter into all these areas. It comes up through a flow that passes from the menubrium...but this starts to go arthritic from a quite early age. One of its targets is the RH ventricle and if it doesn't arrive we get headaches and migraines but if it does arrive we get terrific soothing and comfort...but it's hard work and requires a Christian outlook.

My basil ganglia is completely dead from a tbi. So, none of this applies to me.

Hi! I have a nerve damage (or what I think is nerve damage) left side of stomach(just next to bellybutton)and going up to the lowest left rib. It's been almost a year now. I can't run or do any serious exercise, because I get this stabbing pain in that area, and it goes away in two weeks when I don't do anything. Fortunately I can walk as much as I want. How can I get this fixed? It happened when I was doing some weird stretching on my back and legs facing the wall in front of me. And I went to the shower and I felt pain on the lower rib when moving around. I rested for a week, pain gone, and then I had to go to a endurance test(running on a treadmill) and I gave it my all, no pain after it or anything. But the next day and like 4 days after it my whole stomach area was numb and painful. So that's how it started last year. So the pain started on the rib, but I feel it more on the stomach most of the time. But when I exercise or lift something heavy, the nerve pain is felt on the lower ribs too. Thank you! Been starting the intermittent fasting too thanks to you, thank you! Also it starts to hurt when I do any kind of stretching to it as well. Then I have to not do anything for 2 weeks, and the pain goes away. Sucks as well, I'm 21 and I love sports and training hard haha My doctor recommended me to take ibuprofen 3 times a day for 1 week. And she sent me to a physio therapist, where I haven't gone yet. Havent done the ibuprofen stuff as well, because I don't know if I should trust her.

I got hooked up by this channel, think that the name is sound so Indonesian.. 🤔🤔 i think i'm gonna leave it that way haha

It was better when you used to illustrate with the help of hand made diagrams ❤

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8:30 Parkinson's disease