The Unusualness of Platinum Ore; How Reef Deposits Form

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Platinum ore bodies are some of the stangest to exist on the planet. For example, a massive deposit of platinum and palladium in Montana stretches for approximately 25 miles or 40 kilometers in length, yet its width and height are only about 6.9 feet or 2.1 meters. This video will discuss several potential mechanisms on how such platinum group "reef deposits" can form, with three theories briefly being mentioned.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: Chip Clark, Image provided by the Smithsonian Institution & the United States Geological Survey, Posted on Flickr at www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeol..., Public Domain. This image was then overlaid with text in addition to GeologyHub made graphics (the image border & the GeologyHub logo).
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Sources/Citations:
[1] Chistyakova, S., Latypov, R., Hunt, E.J. et al. Merensky-type platinum deposits and a reappraisal of magma chamber paradigms. Sci Rep 9, 8807 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45..., CC BY 4.0.
[2] Nicholas Arndt, C.M. Lesher, G.K. Czamanske. Mantle-derived magmas and magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE)
deposits. Economic Geology, 100th Aniversary volume, pp.5-24, 2005. ffhal-00016864f
[3] Zientek, M.L., 2012, Magmatic ore deposits in layered intrusions-Descriptive model for reef-type PGE and
contact-type Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1010, 48 p.
[4] T. F. D. Nielsen, J. C. Ø. Andersen, M. B. Holness, J. K. Keiding, N. S. Rudashevsky, V. N. Rudashevsky, L. P. Salmonsen, C. Tegner, I. V. Veksler, The Skaergaard PGE and Gold Deposit: the Result of in situ Fractionation, Sulphide Saturation, and Magma Chamber-scale Precious Metal Redistribution by Immiscible Fe-rich Melt , Journal of Petrology, Volume 56, Issue 8, August 2015, Pages 1643-1676, doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egv049
0:00 Platinum Ore
1:45 Sulfide Minerals
2:36 Cumulates
3:54 Opinion

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28 июл 2024

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Комментарии : 98

@GeologyHub 9 месяцев назад

Since layered igneous intrusions are not truly my expertise, there is a chance that a few things I stated could be incorrect. Also, this video is a brief overview of a fairly complex topic, so a lot of oversimplification was done. Regardless, I hope you found this video interesting.

@rexmann1984 9 месяцев назад

The reason no one can decide is because in reality there is no floater sinker debate. Our platinum comes from catalytic converters of cars that dinosaurs drove. When the asteroid hit cars on ground roads and over paces were covered up over subsequent years.

@chadsimmons6347 9 месяцев назад

So if Platinum found is tiny particle size, but gold is mostly found in larger form, then perhaps the Platinum asteroids crash landed , many yrs ahead of Gold bearing asteroids, giving the Platinum more time become chewed up inside Earth,,,and everyone except me,, probably already knew tha,. Thankx-Professor for another good one

@snarky_user 9 месяцев назад

Waiting for a video on niobobaotite.

@JanjayTrollface 9 месяцев назад

Very interesting, I think most people that can follow the explanation will understand that most situations with multiple variable factors are going to be oversimplified to some degree to fit in such a concise clip. I think you did well to allude to the nuances missed (for those that want to investigate further) while still getting your point across succinctly, thank you *8 )

@scillyautomatic 9 месяцев назад

Strangely, the latest news about volcanoes has become a pleasant distraction from the news of the day.

@Eric_Hutton.1980 9 месяцев назад

If you want peace of mind and lower blood pressure, quit watching the news. Just check in now and then.

@vapormissile 9 месяцев назад

Amen. "Oh thank God it's just a volcano."

@Just_Sara 9 месяцев назад

What a weird time we live in, right? @@vapormissile

@bryanshoemaker6120 9 месяцев назад

News? I don't think that exist anymore.

@kilroyishere6190 9 месяцев назад

Keeps your mind off the destruction of America and youre letting them get away with it…Sheep…bah../bah..baaaaa

@chrisclunan5097 9 месяцев назад

please make more videos on mineral deposits! It's super interesting learning where they are found and how they are formed

@visitante-pc5zc 9 месяцев назад

They are not formed. They were always there. Minerals were created by God in Genesis. The amount is fixed and predetermined by God

@chrisclunan5097 9 месяцев назад

how do you know that? @@visitante-pc5zc

@redbarchetta8782 9 месяцев назад

That's my old backpacking area. I know those mines well and now it's a very big money maker for the city of Columbus and Absaroka. BTW, still kind of a hidden secret place in Montana, well worth the visit. The mountains around there and hundreds of high elevation lakes and some of the best trout fishing in the states. P.S. There was a lot of chromium mined there as well.

@jshatfield115 2 месяца назад

I live in Bozeman but I think I want to go work here!

@janewray-mccann2133 9 месяцев назад

A truly superb explanation of the current main PGM deposition/accumulation hypotheses. Great stuff mate.

@Iseenoobpeoples 9 месяцев назад

I got a 977g sample of Pentlandite with Charcopyrite and Braggite, it was mined inside mafic volcanic rocks in Canada, the samples were to be given to the Canadian Prime Minister and he took only one sample, even though I was only there for a short period of time I asked Management about it :) I wonder if it has good value? It's my favorite specimen.

@Just_Sara 9 месяцев назад

That's one interesting sample you got there!

@GeologyHub 9 месяцев назад

The braggite is the most valuable component of that specimen, so it definitely has a good value. Platinum group element mineral specimens are not too common among collectors.

@BrickfallOfficial 9 месяцев назад

This is such a good channel

@TheSpaceEnthusiast-vl6wx 9 месяцев назад

Thanks! These Platinum deposits are so weird!

@rogerc7960 9 месяцев назад

Africa has a sedimentary layer of platinum going from South Africa to Ethiopia.

@generalmarkmilleyisbenedic8895 9 месяцев назад

GIBS ME DAT

@williamevans6522 9 месяцев назад

Found a BLACK hard rock vein (about 6" thick ) cutting through schist host rock. A dirt road cuts right through it...western Aridzona... Had it XRF analyzed- 10% Fe, 2 oz./ton Pd .

@kaoskronostyche9939 9 месяцев назад

This was very informative. It answered several geology questions rattling around in my mind which I have not bothered to look up yet. Thank you.

@lonthrall5613 9 месяцев назад

Great presentations! I appreciate your posts!

@paisleykitty7 9 месяцев назад

Super interesting! I was born in Stillwater County. Cool to see the mine featured in the vid.

@critters16 9 месяцев назад

Outstanding info! Thx!😊

@regular-joe 9 месяцев назад

Really liked the background visuals👍.

@stevejohnson3357 9 месяцев назад

Christmas music starts way too early but there is a line in the song "Sant Baby" that relates to this. All I really need is the deed to a platinum mine....

@LadyAnuB 9 месяцев назад

Sinkers and floaters are the two different types of matzah balls and these are what my mind went to 😂

@HanstheTraffer 9 месяцев назад

@JohnathanLee8702 9 месяцев назад

I've got a nice piece of Galena PbS that has those brown rust spots in it like the platinum pic in beginning of the video. Cool stuff.

@StuffandThings_ 9 месяцев назад

Could you ever cover some of the odd native elements that can occur. Just by perusing though the Wikipedia list there are some extremely puzzling ones. Lead? Selenium? Tungsten? Titanium? How the heck does that happen?!

@blakespower 9 месяцев назад

Lead used to be Uranium but is stable now

@StuffandThings_ 9 месяцев назад

@@blakespower Well, that works for small quantities, but not like a concentrated lump of native metal. Even then, you would need the lead byproduct to somehow not end up bonded in some chemical that the uranium was part of. Maybe I'm just being a bit generous with my imagination of the scale these native elements occur as.

@somsackvongsa7077 9 месяцев назад

@@blakespower when time is right it will become gold.

@ProgPiglet 9 месяцев назад

ROCKS INTERESTING. THANK YOU GUD SIR

@DR_SOLO 9 месяцев назад

Can you do a episode on diabase? And what precious metals can be found in database? thank you.

@Meant2BVegans 9 месяцев назад

Awesome!!

@TJ-su6zi 9 месяцев назад

Please do one about the Upheaval Dome in Utah. I’m interested in which formation theory you think is correct.

@kento7899 9 месяцев назад

Sinkers and floaters. At my age...

@scottyork8831 9 месяцев назад

The East Boulder mine and the Stillwater mine are the same mine, different access points, working the same ore body. I helped build the East Boulder portal.

@outsider2222 9 месяцев назад

Thanks!

@gpelston 9 месяцев назад

The ultramafic layered complexes may be formed by a platinum rich impact event that plumed the mantle and mixed with the meteorite in the magma in the resulting crater. The platinum group minreals then due to their weight settled out in one of the lower bands. See the Sudbury oval comlex as an example with the nickel having been injected into the fractured walls of the impact event with the center being an ultramafic layered igneous complex.

@keithwood6459 9 месяцев назад

I worked at the Stillwater mine and logged thousands of feet of core, visited over 4000 working faces in the mine, and collected thousands of samples. There is definitely debate about sinking and floating crystals. Plagioclase should float to the top of the magma chamber, but there is evidence that it didn't. There are very continuous layers of anorthosite that overlie and underlie layers of cumulate norite and gabbro. It is hard to understand, but the field relations are quite clear. There is also a debate about whether the sulfide mineralization came from below or above. That debate is between so-called Uppers and Downers, and I think you may be mixing that debate with the one about Floaters and Sinkers. They are different debates. The Uppers believe that PGEs were transported upward through the cumulate pile and precipitated and enriched a certain horizon that became the ore zone. Downers believe that sulfide droplets separated in the magma chamber, scavenged PGEs from the magma, and rained downward, collecting in what became the ore zone. Both models have their supporting evidence. From my observations it looked more like Downers were closer to the truth, but actually, both can be true. If sulfides rained down from above, they could also make a good host for PGEs transported upward from below. The Stillwater ore body is the highest grade PGE ore body in the world, so I like the idea that it may have been doubly enriched from above and below.

@hairy-one 9 месяцев назад

1:40 - I wanna drive that road...

@grixic78 9 месяцев назад

My dad used to work at Stillwater

@chimknee 9 месяцев назад

Thanks.

@Biblioholic1993 9 месяцев назад

I was wondering if my phone speakers were dying but I think it would do you good to invest in a slightly better microphone. I really do enjoy the calm, smooth tone of your voice but I have a bitta hearing loss from being a welder and being around grinders consistently for years. I guess I can't listen to you on my car ride home until I get my sterio jerry rigged for an audio jack again. At least your videos don't blast my ears out when i turn them on with headphones, haha, always love to hear about what volcanoes are doing, plus wonderful videos about geology like this. Now I'm wondering if you ever did the cascadia back-fault mountains, the sierra nevadas. Gonna search! Edit, uhhh, I guessssss I might have the terms wrong for back-fault... is it back- something, i thought? back arc maybe

@Just_Sara 9 месяцев назад

Fun fact: I hear that the newer hearing aides have Bluetooth. Just in case you or anyone else reading this ever needs this info.

@Biblioholic1993 9 месяцев назад

@@Just_Sara I've considered hearing aids but it's just at that line before I'd say I definitely need them, I just turn my computer headphones up to like, sixty, and my phone volume stays mostly at max because they do get metal dust in em sometimes, even staying in my pocket or in my bag across the room, just happens in the shop. I think I will have to be a bit older than I am before I admit I could use that sorta help. But I will, I know i will. People do mumble a fricken lot these days is mostly how I think of it. That is INTERESTING though! Definitely in my future I think, it won't be getting better.

@Just_Sara 9 месяцев назад

@@Biblioholic1993 Adam Savage has a really good video about his own hearing loss and hearing aides, I highly recommend it!

@EatsLikeADuck 9 месяцев назад

@@Biblioholic1993 Don't wait. It is life-changing technology. If you need them, get them!

@Auroral_Anomaly 9 месяцев назад

Platinum cannot fully oxidize because it forms a protective layer of platinum dioxide when exposed to air.

@donlarocque5157 9 месяцев назад

A long time ago, they were making some nuts out of it at a machine shop I worked at. Even the shavings were collected and kept separate from contamination.

@Auroral_Anomaly 9 месяцев назад

@@donlarocque5157 Yeah because they are still valuable and will add up over time.

@Biblioholic1993 9 месяцев назад

just like aluminum! while the pure stuff oxidizes in about ten minutes, a bit of wire brushing will make it VERY shiny instead of KIND OF shiny. and it's never more than actually skin deep.

@Auroral_Anomaly 9 месяцев назад

@@Biblioholic1993 Pure aluminum can oxidize in less than a minute sometimes.

@Auroral_Anomaly 9 месяцев назад

@@Biblioholic1993 It also reacts with water when suspended in gallium.

@RoseNZieg 9 месяцев назад

I never knew there were so much gold mining in the usa.

@christiannavarro7989 9 месяцев назад

Hello HeologyHub! Please don't forget about Mexico and Mexican Volcanoes 😢 I would love to see more on that regard. If you get to read this : has Hawaiian-type volcanism ecer ocurred in Mexico? Probably in Pinacate or Chichinautzin or somewhere else? I have read several docs and I have the perception it has existed before, but not sure.

@GeologyHub 9 месяцев назад

I believe Hawaiian volcanism has occurred in Mexico, although I do not remember at which volcano.

@tonysherwood9619 9 месяцев назад

I discovered an unusualness in a scottish loch - it was priceless!

@whiteknightcat 9 месяцев назад

LMAO at "sinkers" and "floaters".

@rogerdudra178 9 месяцев назад

Greetings from the BIG SKY. Mostly I know of platinum as a result of cosmic impacts.

@michaelusoltsev5770 9 месяцев назад

Ro I had this video 1 min after it got posted in reckmmeneded

@andreask.2675 9 месяцев назад

I think of something different when I hear "sinkers and floaters". 🤣

@StuffandThings_ 9 месяцев назад

So, for once fools gold isn't foolish to mine... though it still doesn't contain gold

@davidhenningson4782 9 месяцев назад

Sulphides can contain gold.

@paradiselost9946 9 месяцев назад

so basically.... whilst it isnt exactly fools gold, it is actually valuable in some cases?

@somsackvongsa7077 9 месяцев назад

Yes.it is valuable.no one will give formulas to extract gold from it.

@thorild69 9 месяцев назад

I am very angry about this... because I understand it! I love that "rocks" are so complex.

@alexanderstone9463 9 месяцев назад

Coincidentally, I just was thinking of the platinum group metals after the mission to Pysche was launched. Since it is believe that it will not so much be the iron and nickel that makes M-type asteroids valuable, but rather, the quantity of platinum group metals within them.

@ziztergabriellahawaii4877 9 месяцев назад

*TO ME IT SOUNDS LIKE PLATINUM SHOULD BE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN GOLD TO BUY*

@IhateAlot718 2 месяца назад

it is

@alexr6114 9 месяцев назад

How could you not start with an explanation of the Stillwater Intrusion being a layered igenous intrusion, just as the Skaergard Layered Igneous Intrusion is? You also failed to mention that thethe world's largest sources of platinum-group metals and platinum-group elements is the Bushveld Layered Igneous Intrusion in South Africa.

@GeologyHub 9 месяцев назад

Wait? Did I not say “layered igneous intrusion”? I thought I did, it was in my script; maybe I forgot to say it while recording? If so, that is an error on my part.

@benhines6307 9 месяцев назад

Try listening better, he mentioned it early in the video!

@alexr6114 9 месяцев назад

The correct emphasis was not there. @@benhines6307

@amedeeabreo7334 9 месяцев назад

Platinum family metals are from meteorite impacts.

@Dragrath1 9 месяцев назад

Effectively yes though its a 4 billion year history which can bring this stuff to Earth. That said at least in certain conditions it seems probable native deposits of siderophile elements can also occur in the right extreme conditions where plume upwelling brings material from the depths of the planet. Not sure these are fully understood and the example of such a plume to come to mind are extremely old. Granted it could be that those too came from impacts so big that they didn't leave solid material behind to be shocked or something.

@jcoop3660 9 месяцев назад

Donovans Reef Australia

@nagasako7 9 месяцев назад

I feel like if you knew answer.... You be contacted and made into multi millionaire working for mining conglomerate ASAP. And given NDA by mining companies 😅

@alpineflauge909 9 месяцев назад

epic

@blakespower 9 месяцев назад

Platinum is cheaper than gold even though Platinum is rarer

@kevinslater4126 9 месяцев назад

This is not at all what I learned in class although the results are the same

@grantlouw3182 9 месяцев назад

Why do you call it “koma-tite” it is pronounced “komati-ite”.

@sgtbilkothe3rd 9 месяцев назад

And "Skay-gard" left out the first "r".

@uncletiggermclaren7592 9 месяцев назад

For the 98% of Humanity ( the grownups ) that doesn't measure in an archaic fashion, 475800 "ounces" of Palladium is 13488 kilos. 1342000 "ounces" of Platinum is 3804 kilos. Why anyone would persist in that backward nonsense when making videos for an International audience CONFOUNDS me. It is like deliberately making your clothing products white in Japan, then wondering why people won't buy them.

@williamreffett5862 9 месяцев назад

We're not a coral rich region.

@StuffandThings_ 9 месяцев назад

"reef" in geology means something very different (can refer to ore veins), heck even in the ocean sense it doesn't always refer to corals. Really just any ridge of rock counts. Hence why its typically specified as "coral reef" when talking about the tropical, coral laden kind.