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It’s crazy that this video is 14 years old. It’s older than my sister and yet it’s still helping me today. Talk about an evergreen RU-vid video 😂

I am in pharmacy school and this helped me so much - not sure if embarrassed or extremely thankful. Going with extremely thankful - simple, easy to understand, and a great review.

This is way more than what I learned in Biology.

This is a very, very fleixble way of getting a foundation of genetic knowledge. It is an extremely short method, including vital biological information. Thank you!

Crystal clear. They even included some proteins/enzymes which are shown in books and lectures but never explained and how they function to eliminate all doubts.

Would be a lot better if the process was split into, initiation, elongation and termination. A lot of things were missed out :/

The polymerase sits on the template strand which runs 3->5 because it makes the complementary strand 5->3 The polymerase sits on the tata box in the promoter region due to the transcription factors that wave it down. The enhancer region which isn't mentioned a whole lot could be the determining factor if polymerase begins coding the transcription unit. At the end of the unit is a terminator sequence that makes a hairpin consisting of mostly C+Gs that end with four uracils and uracils being the weakest bond allow the polymerase to detach. The video doesn't talk about post-transcription events that happen in eukaryotic cells.

Where do you even begin to figure this stuff out as a scientist? Amazing!

learned more in 2:51 than in several hours of class wooow

this is so much easier to understand than all the new videos that have come out about transcription. thank you so much

Animation like this 15 years ago is commendable 👍

missing point: RNA polymerase has to transcribe the polyadenylation signal sequence (5'-AAUAAA-3') before transcription is terminated

You forgot to mention the last important transcription factor, TFIIH. TFIIH unwinds the DNA, then phosphorylates RNA Pol II at its CTD site which activates RNA Pol II

Great, this saves up a lot of time instead of just reading crap that you get lost into! =) thank you so much. My Bio exam is tommorow so hopefully it goes well. DNA roles is the hardest for me!

Biology is still blowing my mind ffs 0.0, this is complete madness lol

this video makes me uncomfortable

seriously the only video on transcription you will find on youtube thats any good.

The intro scared the hell out of me. I was watching this vid around 12 am for our Final exam in Biochemistry tomorrow. Anyways, cool video!

WOW!! The book I'm using explained it in a totally different way!!!

bioman123 did a pretty good job of explaining how they find each other. Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.

People in 2021 here!! I loved! Thank you!

Published before 12 years ! Nd I'm watching now. I like it

Thank you ssooooooooooooo much where I got understood this concept the day before my 1st year mbbs exam

at this level of detail, it should mention that in the transcription of prokaryotic DNA, the termination is as simple as shown here. The RNA polymerase comes to a terminating sequence, and the RNA and the polymerase both detach. However, in eukaryotic DNA transcription, after coming to AAUAAA sequence, which is where it is signaled to stop, it is only cut free after coding 10-35 more nucleotides. Moreover, RNA polymerase keeps coding for like hundreds after it.

Wow, who would dislike this? Anyway... thank you! thank you! thank you! I had a hard time trying to visualize this based on the pictures in the textbook and the words were vague at best. This made it much easier to understand.

This is very specific information, so I could not understand clearly during the lecture. But now I can see everything!! Awesome! thank you so much! It helped me to understand much better :)

Actually it's TATAAT box. This video over simplifies some important aspects of this process.

This is what I was searching for! Most videos are to unspecific. I'm learning for my genetics exam.

I'm watching this video in 2020....its amazing 😯❤️

I'm french, i'm learning transcription and these explications were very usefull, more than others french video! Thx very much !

How the hell did this shit evolve?

I couldn't find some answers in the books, thanks for this. this helped a lot.

Better than my lecturer, thanks!

3) This does not take place in a vacuum. All the spaces between the molecules and the enzymes is filled "solid" with water molecules and other substrates - all dancing the "heat dance", jiggling and jiving, jumping back and forth, getting in each other's ways, bumping and colliding.

Textbook Cell Chemistry. A, B and C are enzymes. 1,2,3,4 are a series of chemical reactions believed to be taking place throughout life - glycolysis. a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h are the small molecules involved in glycolysis. 1) Enzme A triggers a reaction between molecules (a) and (b) to form (c). 2) Enzyme B triggers a chemical transformation of (c) into (d) 3) Enzyme C triggers a reaction between (d) and (e) to form product (f). 4) Enzyme X splits (f) into two molecules ( g) and (h).

This is so helpful as far as general transcription goes! Thanks :D Now back to studying for that bio final I have tomorrow...

RNA transcription also requires a helicase. In eukaryote cells it's TFIIH, which both "melts" the strands and then phosphorylizes the polymerase on its C-terminal domain.

Your RNA polymerase is like a child's toy train - very cute.... :-) Extremely clear video, many thanks!

This reminds me when I had worked in a lab as an intern (as an informatics engineer ) I had to do a program that would help to represent RNA splicing, and a program that would simulate a nonsense-mediated decay in various situations to determine which conditions would lead to splicing errors. I had no knowledge in DNA or RNA yet, and I tell you, my hair almost became white from the stress. Sorry scientists, your stuff is too complicated, I'll stick with computers for now.

Transcription as a unique process doesn't finish like that, it continues to translation after which you will got proteine. Those two processes are parts of one big process called: synthesis of the proteine.

The TATA box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in eurkaryotic cells, the Pribnow box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in bacterial cells.

@KarlHeinzofWpg RNA polymerase will transcribe whatever is available for transcription on the DNA, so a repressor region is found before the promoter region. If a complementary molecule, such as galactose in the lac operon model, is attached to the repressor site, transcription of that gene will not occur. So by having certain genes blocked and others unblocked, only parts of the genome are expressed. In 3D, the DNA has a special shape at the promoter region for a certain gene.

to Kythos, DNA helicase has already unwound the double helix so just one strand can be copied (into a single-stranded RNA molecule). Looks like the sugar-phosphate backbone isn't shown to just focus on the bases

No reply? Well then, shall continue. In the early days of chemistry it was discovered that in living cells there were "enzymes" (actually large protein molecules) that acted as catalysts. By their use many reactions, that would not normally occur at all, or occur very slowly, could be mabe to occur quite suddenly. Little by little the idea grew that this was the very essence of life, that life was chemical reactions, each mediated by a different catalyst.

thank you very much. even if we study this in arabic, your videos clarifie the ideas very well. thanks again and again!! from morocco

This is a really nice video of RNA transcription, especially for Undergraduates. Thanks.

mind blown after reading my book for an hr. makes so much sense now

So useful... It's like a rollercoaster the RNA Polymerase in a way if that helps.

you uploade best animations.....

Seriously, I'm a frikkin biologist but when stuff gets all messed up in my head i come here to clear it and i understand it better again.

@SmashingKinpumps That's because there are 2 other videos of the same company that continues the idea. The titles are mRNA Processing and mRNA Splicing, and they mention them there.

@Kythos They're just showing the template strand(non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand

I have a class presentation on this tomorrow...Wish me luck!!!!

plz chance this music becuase this sound make ma uncomfortable and scaring just like in a ghost home other wise explanation is super and easy to understand

@TheJavaria The nucleotides don't have any any role in the transcription process. However, the set of 3 nucleotides, a codon, code for amino acids, which happens in the translation process.

this shit is so different than what i am being taught

that's 3mins of my life i'm not getting back....

Perfect delivery! Thanks.

@Miltongarden It's a fact that this can be done with pure proteins and that leaving any one protein out changes the reaction. So we have a decent idea of which proteins are needed to transcribe a gene. We then verify this by deleting/mutating the genes for these proteins in an organism and seeing the effects. From pure proteins to living cells, the science is solid.

What is happening.

@taylorkaitlyn Its is actually the gene promoter, It is also called the pribnow box, it usually consist of the 6 nucleotides TATAAT . Maybe that is why its call the TATA box ?

TATA-box is about 10 nucleotides uppstream of TSS(transcription start site). T he ribosome attaches to the TATA-box (also known as pribnow box) OBS! This transcription is found in eukaryot cells not prokaryot....

this is waaay too specific for what I'm learning

now it seems so obvious that it could just happen by accident now that i know how simple the reaction is that splits the DNA and make proteins and RNA that are necessary for life

It's giving up a Phosphate. Therefore being reduced from a Tri-phosphate to a Diphosphate.

The theory was "proved" quite logically by 1) postulating a hypothetical series of reaction which might lead from some "precursor" molecule to the more complex molecule, and 2) finding among the various celular extracts an enzyme which would "catalyse" each "step". They never realized that the paralleling of such sequential reactions in the labotatory might be nothing more than artifactual.

Archan sir is the best teacher

@Miltongarden Because we don't have the technology to photograph these kinds of biological molecules inside of cells. The computer animations are generally, but not always, based on structures determined for individual protein complexes purified away from the cell.

@madmoody79 The H-unit is what I'd guess is the red lump in the vid, it attaches to the DABPoF(the small green thing attached to the polymerase) complex (somewhere there's an E around as well but I'm not sure what that's for), H it works both as a helicase (helps unwind the DNA) and a kinase (activates the polymerase), once transcription has initiated E and H detach again c:

This video was made when I was 3 years old but I'm watching it as a college student!

Hee hee! "TATA box" XD Whatever scientist came up with that one must have had a sense of humor XD

I know that, but nevertheless, termination of transcription was not discussed in this video. The video didn't talk about a hairpin loop in prokaryotic mRNAs and the polyadenylation signal in eukaryotic genes, both of which terminate transcription.

This helped me so much!!!

Excellent :D remember this vid is only referring to eukaryotic cells

haha! I come from Germany and I didn't understand this process at school till now. Till a english video explains the transcription for me. :D

Why does the intro sound like a horror movie....

rRNA, unlike mRNA or Messenger RNA is not translated to proteins. rRNA, Ribosomal RNA forms intense meshwork of RNA in the ribosomes. In Bacteria 30S subunit of Ribosomes consists of 16S rRNA and 50S is composed of 23S and 5S RNA. In Eukaryotes, 40S is composed of 18S RNA and 60S consists of 28S, 5S and 5.8S RNA

I'm a senior in Ap Bio and this helps. 👌👌👌👌

it's very much interesting process, i have learnt more facts

To any undergrads reading this. For the love of god start revision early. You can just chill and take your time going through stuff and slowly making sense of everything then

its really helpfull to understand the initiation of the process.......thanks!!!!!!

Beautiful machines !!!

Oldest video ever seen..16 years ago😮

Hallelujah from South Korea

I find this totally fascinating and am able to understand WHAT happens. But, can someone tell me HOW? I mean, how do molecular machines know what to do? Where the code / signal / communication that drives their function? Do scientists even know?

thank you for better explanation than others who blabber

The music in the beginning reminds me of the halloween movies

This video is so camp i love it

Tremendous graphics - made the ideas very clear. The audio could be sharper, however.

1:33 The blue kitty is just minding it's own business but the green bird wants to interrupt.

I have an exam in just a few hours. Thanks for saving my ass.

EF-Tu is involved in translation processes. check for aminoacyl tRNAs and such.

@bioman123 If all the enzymes needed for a series of reactions are present in roughly equal numbers then the law of mass action does not apply. If there are greater numbers of a few of the enzymes then they may have a better chance of doing something or other, but this would automatically lessen the chances of all the other enzymes being able to do anything.

Excellent video...

Gotta love the TATA box.

awesome video.... keep it up....u have a done seriously good....

*Short and Great Video* Thank you very much

Thanks fam

@nicopotus Its not replication, its transcription. Big difference. And of course procaryots got an ending signal for replication. It's the Ter-sequence where the Tus protein (terminus utilizing substance) blocks dnaB (Helicase).

Exam tomorrow. And all I can think about is riding down that DNA rollercoaster.