"The volume of your body ... is more than enough." I felt that was the affirmation I've been waiting to hear all these years - only to realize it was about being destroyed in a fictional supernova neutrino blast.
It's actually a best case scenario. Literally everything vaporized in a fraction of a second. No pain, no facing death, no fear, and equal. A good, and cool, way to die.
Oh just watch, I'll end up being the empath the Vians whisk away to test if humanity is worth saving or not. ...put your hand in the hand of the sistah from Gallifrey.
@@gunwantiramchandani5431 to be honest, it takes another estimated 5 billion years before it expands. If we haven't been wiped out by then, we would have unlimited resources, possibly expand in the 4th or maybe even the 5th dimension and have unlocked interstellar travel, as well as have a lot of colonies on other planets. By that time, the sun will be relatively unimportant and we either sustain its life mechanically, or we will be able to make it die out without it burning us alive and then replace it with another, mechanically created sun.
@@FutureMan420Blazer found that game on kongregate. Ended up playing it there, on steam, and mobile. Good game but highly addicting. Learned a lot of numbers.
Kyle: ''Not with a bang, but with a weakly interacting wimper'' Me: heh...wimper, because a neutrino is a WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle) heh...
The neutrino could be a product of the annihilation of the hypothetical WIMPs (a candidate to dark matter) but these are supposed to be another kind of particles (maybe supersymmetric particles), not neutrinos, as he stated at the start, they're not massive compared to anything with mass, they're thousands of times lighter than electrons (which are 511 keV).
@@bernat_CustardCream massive meaning they have mass. not their size. neutrinos themselves are WIMPS as they are exactly that. particles with mass that weakly interact with matter.
@@gamingelementalist6725 Well, this case he had to cheat a little by making the sigma silent like in island, and arbitrarily inserting an [o] sound between n and Φ.
Here Kyle. You dropped your scrapped script. "Gentlemen, my name is Dr. Kyle." "In a little while, you will notice that the sun is glowing abnormally bright." "If you want it to stop, you are going to have to pay me *1 MILLION DOLLARS* !" "..." "Sorry." "..." " **1 HUNDRED BILLION DOLLARS** !" "Mwuahahahhahhahaha"
@@metanumia *yes but would those running the Apple online store risk getting an unfavorable review from a disgruntled customer of super villain status with plans of world conquest and who knows how many covert orbital weapons platforms and linked to the global positioning network and a grudge over not getting their shipment in a timely manner?...*
Kinda like every episode of Star trek when they come across an anomoly. "Sir, we know absolutely nothing about this anomoly and sensors can't scan it. I can however, tell you everything about it and exactly how to neutralize it."
Describe in this case would be "put in perspective" as there's nothing close. Even comparing a neutron to a neutrino is likely 30 orders of magnitude difference. A grain of sand compared to the sun would be too large.
@10:25 I haven't seen a more perfect equation since the volume of a pizza with radius 'z' and height 'a': Volume = pi*z*z*a ... also, it's not an equation without an 'equal' sign. :)
Hey Kyle love the show! Fun fact, a star going supernova 8 light minutes away would be brighter than a nuclear bomb exploding pressed up against your face, assuming you survive either event long enough to register a brightness.
All those weak interactions bombarding me constantly... until I'm in the lowest possible energy state, without any energy left to bond with the ones close to me, the ones I care about. .... oh, wait. We were talking about particle physics, right?
@@epic6435 Look at my comment before your complaint about switching languages... could I correct grammar if I didn't understand English? And could I respond to your comment that's in English if I didn't understand it, even if I responded in French? And if I didn't understand English, is that really something to mock and laugh at? Dumbass.
Hey Kyle, fun episode. Also as someone with thin hair really jealous of those luscious golden locks. Speaking of exploding suns. In season four, episode twenty-two "Exodus" of Stargate SG-1 they exploed a star to destroy an enemy armada. In the episode the team dials the stargate to connect to another stargate that is in the process of being devoured by a blackhole. They then send the stargate into the nearby sun. After being pulled in by the star's gravity where the blackhole's gravitational pull draws some of the sun's mass through the stargate. They say it in effect destablizes the balance of nuclear forces pushing outward and the star's mass gravity pulling inward. Because of them removing a portion of the star's mass so quickly the nuclear forces outward push is able to overcome the gravitational pull in since the star has just become lighter thus lessening its gravity. This causes the star to go supernova destroying the star system. Now would this approach of removing a star's mass so quickly really cause a star to destablize and go supernova? Or would it do something else? Also how much of a star's mass would you have to remove for star to do this? Thanks for the great work. So keep on keeping on. P.S Totally not asking as an aspiring super-villian wishing to tickle the mind of another super-villian.
Possibly a small correction, maybe a clarification: When I was a kid I was taught that it was the shock wave that did all the damage, but I was actually reading about supernovae just recently [1] and found much of what is said in this video about the neutrino apocalypse. However, it doesnt appear to be the case that the shock wave wouldnt get us first, its that the shockwave is neutralised in milliseconds through photodisintegration (Essentially cramming energy back in so that it shifts nuclear fusion in to reverse and robs energy from the collapse.) and the tremendous losses in neutrinos. but it doesnt just stop there. A core maybe 60km across remains, and its life hangs in the balance as it continues to accrete material at a rate of one solar mass every few seconds. Thats enough to turn it in to a black hole in moments if it wasnt emitting a 'prodigious luminosity of neutrinos'. If its ouput is sufficient it will radiate 10% of its mass. (Estimated at a staggering 3x10^53 ergs.*) If its lucky to survive it will leave a remnant just 20km or so across, the most fascinating objects in the universe. A neutron star. (Come at me black hole enthusiasts.) So similar description of events, but I think even more dramatic as the core is in an incomprehensibly momentous tug of war between the tremendous mass and energy falling down upon it and the brain breaking numbers of neutrinos fleeing away. *Kyles figure is actually a couple of orders of magnitude below that. The paper goes in to the details and provides sources for why the observed kinetic energy release is different to the total energy release, but its related to knock on reactions, 'complicated fluid mechanics' and overcoming 'ram pressure' of accreting material. [1] www.nature.com/articles/nphys172
People: "Something can't be MORE the speed of light, only exact or less!" Me: ... "more or less" doesn't literally mean "more or less", it's a turn of phrase meaning approximately. As in some degree of the speed light close enough to the speed of light to not bother with the numbers.
No. That's linguistic abuse. Choose your words carefully. If you say "more or less" that means "somewhere around there, plus or minus, give or take a few m/s, I don't know." If you say "close to" that means "almost there but not quite, not exceeding but nearly equal, pretty much the price is right" These two phrases are not the same.
@@nin469 Neutrinos can posibly travel faster than light. www.scientificamerican.com/article/particles-found-to-travel/#:~:text=An%20Italian%20experiment%20has%20unveiled,can%20travel%20faster%20than%20light.
Hey Kyle, thanks for another awesome episode! Something you didn’t cover that I was curious about - how far away from the sun would you have to be to be safe from the neutrino blast? Thanks for all the hard work on the show :-)
I believe Kurzgezagt did a video on supernovae wiping out life within a certain radius, and if I remember correctly, any supernova closer than 300 light years away starts to get dangerous for life.
I'm really glad you got that correct. I'm not usually pedantic about things but one that bugs the crap out of me is when people say "the meaning of life is 42, lolhitchhikerslolol". The *answer* to life the universe and everything is 42, as you said, but the *meaning* of life is that everything was a mistake, which learn from the combination of the Ultimate Question - "What is six times nine?" and the Answer, which is 42. /end pedantic rant
From one villain to another her are ( 9:07 ) some better operation name: Jupi Nuki, J Bomb, Anti Jupiter, Jup Nuk, Killamonplanet. Your welcome. BTW Thank you for sending me Elon's Space car. It was banged up but it made my day.
Don't worry, it'll be painless. So much energy that by the time a neuron reacts, it's already vapor, no pain. (unless you are on the nighttime side of Earth, in which case it may take a slight bit longer, but the pain will be over quickly.)
The thing with Neutrinos is, they are so tiny that you would need a supernova to produce enough to kill you. Try something easier. Invisible lasers, for example.
Very interesting dive Kyle, loved it! Your villainous plots aside, this sterilization that happens fairly often seems to make stuff like the Fermi equation, the likelihood of life, that much smaller a sum. Information like this just makes life on this planet seem so much more precious, unique, unlikely and most importantly, worth fighting to protect. Thanks Kyle and as always, love your show.
I'm not sure how concerned I would be about sterilisation from a nearby star going supernova. (Assuming Kyle did his maths right) at about 1 light year from the supernova you would be exposed to a whopping 0.0000116W of energy . . . at a distance of 4 light years this goes down to 7.24x10^-7. If you wish to expose every star in the milky way to a dose of supernova radiation every 1000 years on average, then a typical dose rather less than 10^-12 W. You aren't going to wipe out much with that. More interesting is THROWING IRON AT STARS TO MAKE THEM BLOW UP. Although I really shouldn't give Kyle anymore supervillain ideas, he has enough already.
This is fascinating and terrifying! I had no idea that such an insane amount of neutrinos were passing through me at all times (I new there were neutrinos, but not that many), or that a supernova would affect them. But, why does their collision area change? Awesome video! Keep 'em coming!
“If I do say so myself, which I do” I’ve literally said this before and no one thought it was funny. I’m glad that my joke (it’s mine because I thought of it before anyone else ever) finally got the attention it deserves
Hi Kyle , great episode! it would be interesting if a super advance civilization would have a weapon to induce the super nova effect on any star, that would be the ultimate weapon against anything, plus a supervillian like you know who would find it useful.... maybe.
I really like the editing of pop quizeses. I would never be able to solve them, but it does get the community a little emote involved with the content. Good job BcSi! 👍
That's a tricky question, don't forget Red Giants are actually COOLER than before, so the star's habitable zone would be much closer. So adusted for the new size... maybe Jupiter?
@@moukidelmar yeah, there may not even be a "habitable" zone, as youd need to be closer to the new edges of the sun in order to get the same amount of heat energy, but then youd probably be too close to retain a proper atmosphere.
There are actually questions about whether the Earth could survive the expansion. There is disagreement in the scientific community about whether the expansion would consume the Earth or push the Earth out farther. The brightness will increase first though and that will kill us in about a billion years. Most estimates say the sun will expand to around the orbit of Mars and the habitable zone will be the kuiper belt. The sun will then slowly burn out til it becomes a white dwarf and the habitable zone will change again.
Thanks Kyle. Your colorful math gives better visual context, to what I think most people know about supernovae, but seems so distant, with so few in recent memory from even neighboring galaxies. A few notes of interest. One is that the neutrino detectors, based on the math you specified, are really useful at knowing when a supernova has occurred somewhere, in some faraway galaxy, like the 1987 supernovae. It was clearly preceded by an extraordinary number of interacting neutrinos. Two, is perhaps expanding into another episode how this plays out with Betelgeuse...everyone's favorite red star from antiquity. I'd like to hear your thoughts on an about 600 LY away star, that has an equal chance perhaps of having already exploded, to doing so in 100,000 years. Other than a light show, how should this affect mankind? (Including perhaps reference to the star that exploded that caused the Crab Nebula) Three, is a personal theory on neutrinos, and why they're so abundant. Imagine all these ghost neutrinos, having existed wherever and whenever there's been an ultra-rate supernova, but ghosting the rest of the mostly empty universe, perhaps forever, unless it hits a lightyear long block of iron. So neutrinos can be travelling for billions of years, without hitting anything! (or degrading apparently) So of course, they're everywhere! That's kind of fascinating.
Before watching this, I though what would have killed you was the heat of a supernova. This is actually really scary (but also fascinating) to think about because theoretically the entire world could end at any moment due to a supernova. But at least there is a chance that whatever does eventually kill the world wont cause much suffering
My mom: wait ten seconds before opening the microwave when it's done! Me: There's like, actual invisible things to be worried about, mom. Mom: like what? Me: ...ever heard of an Italian particle called... THE NEUTRINO???
Hey Kyle, Love the show. (Or do I?) So I showed this video to my 2 astronomy professors and asked them what they thought about it. A couple things came up that I'd like to ask directly to you: 1) What exactly about the neutrinos give them the higher energy you mentioned? Because my professors noted that neutrinos are already relativistic particles and they aren't sure where that 25x extra energy would be coming from if not from the kinetic energy (which would be difficult to increase given that they're usually already traveling almost the speed of light). 2) What about the neutrinos larger impact size that you mentioned makes them bigger? I understand that at high energies, the wave uncertainty of particles can increase. (Like how quantum tunneling allows for protons to fuse in our sun's core even though classical mechanics doesn't allow that until it reaches ludicrous temperatures.) But as I already mentioned that neutrinos are already relativistic, how do they gain even more energy? Or is there a different mechanism that I have missed or don't understand properly? Thanks P.S. I do love the show
Hi Kyle, love the show! But as an amateur astrophysicist, if there can be such a thing (I don't have a PHD but I do a lot of astrophysics for fun and to entertain friends), I'd like to point to some correction or clarification; - ''We've observed a few of these over the centuries'' It would be important to specify ''with the naked eye'', because we can observe them every day with our telescope, they're even one of the main signpost events we use to measure distances in the universe. - ''Our sun just isn't heavy enough'' Technically, the correct word here is massive. Kyle, you should know the difference between weight and mass! - ''The fusion of iron doesn't yield any additional energy'' Its even worse than that, fusing iron sucks energy out of the star, *takes evil sounding voice* precipitating it inevitable demise even faster! - ''Indescribably small'' while pointing at a description of how small it is. :P - ''How far will a neutrino travel in lead before interacting with a particle of that lead'' *Important to specify on average, otherwise we'd never be able to detect them, and they don't all travel freely then interact after 1.5 ly of lead. Also fun fact, 1.5ly of lead might not even be enough to save you from the neutrino blast! - ''Traveling at more or less the speed of light'' It's definitively less. - ''This neutrino flux would go on to vaporize everything on the planet'' Would it though? It would greatly depend on how long the neutrino flux last at the intensity you calculated, considering it takes around 2,5 million joules to vaporize 1 liter of water, averaging out a human body as a spherical 70kg blob of water, you would need around 1.75 gigajoules to completely vaporize a human body (or we could use the more precise 3 gigajoules that some non-supervillain people who shall remain nameless for personal safety reasons have calculated in the pass). Meaning at a 50,000w intensity, you'd need between an 60 and 100 minutes to vaporize a human body. From observation, we can see neutrino production start to ramp up when the core begins to burn silicon, but only really start to spike in power and intensity when the silicon shell starts to form, which is around... *looks on google* 2 full hour before core collapse? Holy crap, then it is entirely possible that it can vaporize everything, good work Kyle! Though if we take into account the sun's mass which is nearly 10 times less than the smallest supernova we've observed, it's neutrino might be less energetic or the flux might last for a smaller amount of time. Anyway, great episode as always, keep up the good work!
Would the neutrino wave be energetic enough to let's say evaporate all the oceans away? Like would the whole surface really be scorched? Would Saturns rings get thanos snapped into oblivion? Would Europa be a literal ball of liquid water and gas? Would Jupiter care? Would Voyager 1 get caught in the blast radius and die? Find out next time on Because Science Z
I just gotta say. I used to watch Because Science on a Public channel. Awesome. Had no Idea there was a youtube for some reason. Forgot how much I missed these Keep it up.
"What would happen to humanity if the sun went supernova?" Answer: Nothing. Technically speaking (the best kind of speaking) We would never have existed in this scenario, because the sun would have to be at least 10 times as massive, rendering Earth uninhabitable. Oh, by the way, here's the requisite "Love the show!" Seriously, I do. I quote you all the time.
Hi Kyle, first time commenting your videos. A while ago you made a video about the chances of having life exist somewhere else on the universe, and then diminished that chance by the odds of it achieving technology advanced enough to find us. Seeing this video made me wonder, even if life existed somewhere else, what are the odds that it has already been consumed by a supernova near them?
Why is this recommend to me when I'm drunk? Why am I watching this while I'm drunk? Why am I trying to understand any of this while I'm drunk? These are the real questions of life.
Kyle, I recommend reading John Ringo's into the looking glass series, his physicist and co-writer was Travis Taylor and they discuss neutrinos and neutrino capture a lot plus it's a fun read, the book and series also delves into quarks muons and other exotic particles... Make sure you do your San Check!
Hey Kyle, would neutrinos interact with neutron stars on a much more frequent basis due to the higher density of neutronium? How would this affect neutron stars?
Considering Neutron stars are crazy dense and are basically giant atom cores... yeah, they should interact with neutrinos a lot more. But they are also quite small, so that much reduced volume would limit interactions somewhat... plus they are already so energetic, it's hard to tell.
Shay 88 You have to also consider the pure density of a nuetron star it self. Though nutrinos are very small in mass, the highly compacted matter of the star wouldn’t probably even let the neutrinos even interact with the matter under the star’s first layer.
@@DragcoDavid thank you Ryuu! I'm gonna try to do the novae equation he made with most of the same information to see what kind of power would be put into the a neutron star at the same radius as earth to the sun but only with normal (non novae ) output. I wanna see what kind of juice a neutron star would absorb in a hypothetical binary system
HEYYYYYYYYY KYLE! I REALLY LOVE THE SHOW❤️ Quick Question tho: Would our planet nay our entire Solar System be able to rebound from this event? And would any bacteria form our planet be able to survive in space and hopefully birth a new Earth somewhere else in Space?
No. If theoretically our star went Supernova the planets not destroyed by the event would get launched into space because the star's gravity is no longer holding them in orbit. The key to our solar system is Sol.
@@blank6604 the chances would be astronomical, but if the bacteria could somehow survive a ride through space, most likely frozen in a peice of ice (unlikely, but possible) and then somehow get caught into the gravity of some Earth like "Goldy-locks zone" planet. (Very unlikely but possible) and then be able to survive the descent onto the planet without burning up, requiring it to be frozen in a very large rock of ice. (Even more unlikely, but possible.) And then beable to adapt to the specific landing environment of this new planet ((see above parenthesis)) than sure, an earthling bacteria could spawn life onto another planet. Many theories exist about that being how life started here but the primordial universe was also a much different place with elements of all kinds flying around, clumping and crashing together. So the chances were much more likely back then.
@@moukidelmar Not necessarily, depending on the original mass of the star. Remember that stars that go supernova frequently collapse into neutron stars or black holes due to their remaining mass. This may be enough to keep the outer planets gravitationally bound to it.
@@blank6604 right, again very specific conditions need to be met at astronomical chances. It'd also have to avoid crashing with any number of other space debris along the way too. But hey, strange shit happens all the time.
Hey Kyle love the show, now that that’s out of the way could we get an episode where you talk about and or debunk the void. Like why it be so big and if the sun went supernova would you even be affected. And how many people can be in the void. Thanks kyle!
"Hey Kyle, love the show" Anyways I recently found out about an AI that was made for Eurovision and was used to create an original song. I think it would be a pretty interesting talking point for a future because science show.
@@becausescience Awwww. Whats up man. You havin a bad day. Sall good. Just compare it to our sun going supernova and being erased by neutrino's. I'm sure it doesn't seem quite so bad after that. And yeah. Love your show too. Thanks for the infotainment champ.
great vid kyle thanks for another amazingly horrific nightmare in my head forever quick follow up this whole episode reminded me of an old sci fi show i use to watch called Andromada in it there were ultimate death weapons called nova bombs that where bombs that could be shot into a sun to cause it to go super nova what kind of insane matter to energy interaction would a bomb like that have to do to create such an effect ?
Hello Kyle As someone who's fascinated with astronomy, I really like this episode. Thanks giving perspective of what a bunch of Neutrinos can do to our planet. I know you tried to keep it simple, but I'd like to add more. A low-mass star like our Sun can only fuse elements up to Carbon. For a star to go supernova, it must have more than 8 solar masses so then it can have the temperature to fuse elements up to Iron. Another thing is that the core collapse happens so fast that the outer layers wouldn't be able to reach the core before it goes kaboom.
